📘 英语语法笔记
1. 主格、宾格、所有格
| 中文意思 | 主格 (作主语) | 宾格 (作宾语) | 所有格 (表示“的”) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 我 | I | me | my |
| 你 / 你们 | you | you | your |
| 他 | he | him | his |
| 她 | she | her | her |
| 它 | it | it | its |
| 我们 | we | us | our |
| 他们/她们/它们 | they | them | their |
| 这个 (单数) | this | this | - |
| 这些 (复数) | these | these | - |
| 那个 (单数) | that | that | - |
| 那些 (复数) | those | those | - |
| 那里 | there | - | - |
一个简单的比喻:
想象一个简单的动作——“我送给她一本书”。
- 主格 (我):动作的发起者
- 宾格 (她):动作的承受者
- 所有格 (我的):东西的归属者
详细解释
1. 主格 - 动作的“发起者” (主语)
- 功能:在句子中做主语,是句子的开头,动作的执行者
- 位置:通常位于句首,在动词之前
- 中文对应:我、你、他、她、它、我们、他们 等
例句:
- I love you. (我爱你。) -> "我"是"爱"这个动作的发起者
- She is a teacher. (她是一名老师。) -> "她"是"是"的状态主体
- They are happy. (他们很开心。)
2. 宾格 - 动作的"承受者" (宾语)
- 功能:在句子中做宾语,是动作的承受对象
- 位置:通常位于动词之后,或介词(如 to, for, with, of 等)之后
- 中文对应:我、你、他、她、它、我们、他们 等(中文形式和主格一样,但英语里词形变了)
例句:
- I love you. (我爱你。) -> "你"是"爱"这个动作的承受对象 (动词后)
- Please call him. (请给他打电话。) -> "他"是"打电话"的对象 (动词后)
- This book is for us. (这本书是给我们的。) -> "我们"在介词"for"后面 (介词后)
3. 所有格 - 事物的"主人" (表示"的")
- 功能:表示所属关系,意思是"谁的"
- 位置:永远放在一个名词前面,修饰那个名词。它不能单独使用
- 中文对应:我的、你的、他的、她的、我们的、他们的 等
例句:
- This is my book. (这是我的书。) -> "我的"修饰"书"
- Her mother is kind. (她的妈妈很和蔼。) -> "她的"修饰"妈妈"
- I like their house. (我喜欢他们的房子。) -> "他们的"修饰"房子"
终极总结与快速判断方法
| 格 | 要问自己的问题 | 例子 (分析句子) |
|---|---|---|
| 主格 | 谁 在做动作? | She loves him. (谁爱? 她爱。) |
| 宾格 | 动作作用于谁?或 介词后面是谁? | She loves him. (爱谁? 爱他。) |
| 所有格 | 谁的 + 东西? | She loves his dog. (爱谁的狗? 他的狗。) |
记住这个流程,永远不会错:
- 找到句子的动词(动作)
- 问:谁 发出的这个动作? → 答案用 主格
- 问:动作作用在谁身上? → 答案用 宾格
- 问:有没有表示 "谁的" 东西? → 答案用 所有格
例句:
- 我爱他:I love him.
- 你爱她:You love her.
- 他爱我:He loves me.
- 她爱你:She loves you.
注意:
it可替代物体、时间、天气等
2. 动词
英语动词用法核心规则
一、Be动词规则
| 主语类型 | 动词形式 |
|---|---|
| I (我) | am |
| You (你/你们) | are |
| He/She/It (他/她/它) / 单数名词 | is |
| We/They (我们/他们) / 复数名词 | are |
总结:看主语选 am, is, are
二、实义动词规则
| 主语类型 | 动词形式 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 非三单 (I, You, We, They, 复数名词) | 动词原形 | They work here. |
| 三单 (He, She, It, 单数名词) | 动词 + s/es | He works here. |
总结:三单加S,非三单用原形
"三单"加S的简单说明:
- 大多数动词:直接加 -s (like -> likes, play -> plays)
- 以s, x, sh, ch, o结尾:加 -es (teach -> teaches, go -> goes)
- 以辅音字母+y结尾:变y为i,再加 -es (study -> studies)
3. 一般疑问句 (General Questions)
功能: 用于询问"是"或"否"的问题
构成: 将 be 动词 (is, am, are) 提前至句首
| 陈述句 | 一般疑问句 |
|---|---|
| This is your name. | Is this your name? |
| I am great. | Am I great? |
| You are my friend. | Are you my friend? |
| She is pretty. | Is she pretty? |
翻译练习:
- 你是 Sam 吗? -> Are you Sam?
- 这是你的朋友吗? -> Is this your friend?
- 他是老师吗? -> Is he a teacher?
4. 特殊疑问句 (Special Questions)
4.1 What... (什么)
基本结构1: 特殊疑问词 + be 动词 + 名词/代词/其他成分
- 你的工作是什么? -> What is your job?
- 你的国籍是什么? -> What is your nationality? / What nationality are you?
- 你的车牌号是什么? -> What is your car number?
- 你的车是什么牌子? -> What make is your car?
- 你的邮箱是什么? -> What is your E-mail?
- 你的微信是什么? -> What is your Wechat?
基本结构2: 特殊疑问词 + 名词 + be 动词 + 主语
- What color is your umbrella? 你的雨伞是什么颜色?
- What make is your car? 你的车是什么牌子?
- What time is it? 几点了
- What nationality are you? 你是什么国籍?
注意: 只有nationality可以两种结构互换,其他三个(color/make/time)只能用第二种结构
4.2 How... (怎么样,如何)
基本结构: 特殊疑问词 + be 动词 + 名词/代词/其他成分
- How are you? (你好吗?)
- How is your uncle? (你的叔叔怎么样?)
- How is Lucy? (Lucy怎么样?)
- How is your mother? (你的妈妈怎么样?)
- How are your mother and your father? (你的妈妈和爸爸怎么样?)
How to + 动词? (如何做...?)
- How to open it? (如何打开它?)
- How to use it? (如何使用它?)
- How to do it? (如何做这件事?)
问候与回应:
- 问: How are you (today)? / How are you doing today?
答:
- Fine. Thank you, and you? (很好,谢谢,你呢?)
- Great. / Wonderful. (非常好。/ 棒极了。)
- Not bad. (还行吧。)
- Very bad. / Terrible. (非常差。/ 糟糕。)
4.3 Whose...(谁的)
两种结构都可以用,没有局限性:
结构1: 特殊疑问词 + 名词 + be 动词 + ...
- Whose shirt is that? 那是谁的衬衫?
- Whose car is this? 这是谁的车?
- Whose bag is that? 那是谁的包?
- Whose white shirt is this? 这是谁的白衬衫?
结构2: 特殊疑问词 + be 动词 + 名词
- Whose is that shirt? 那个衬衫是谁的?
- Whose is this car? 这辆车是谁的?
- Whose is that bag? 那个包是谁的?
- Whose is this blue umbrella? 这个蓝色的雨伞是谁的?
4.4 Who... 谁...
只能使用下面的结构:
基本结构: 特殊疑问词 + be动词 + 名词
- Who is this man? 这人是谁?
- Who are these men? 这些人是谁?
- Who is that young man? 那个年轻人是谁?
- Who are those young men? 那些年轻人是谁?
4.5 Which... 哪一个,哪一些
- Which + 单数名词,表示哪个
- Which + 复数名词,表示哪些
两种结构都可以用,没有局限性:
结构1: 特殊疑问词 + be 动词 + 名词
- Which is your car? 哪一辆是你的车?
- Which is your book? 哪一本是你的书?
结构2: 特殊疑问词 + 名词 + be 动词 + ...
- Which car is yours? 哪一辆车是你的?
- Which book is yours? 哪一本书是你的?
- Which book is good? 哪本书好?
- Which tourists are from Beijing? 哪些游客来自北京?
4.6 Where... 哪里
目前只有这一种结构
结构1: 特殊疑问词 + be 动词 + 名词
Where is/are +名词...?
- Where are you? 你在哪?
- Where is your mother? 你妈妈在哪?
- Where is your car? 你的车在哪?
- Where is it? 它在那里
4.7 简单句的句型结构
- 主 + 谓 (Subject + Verb)
- 主 + 谓 + 宾 (Subject + Verb + Object)
- 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾 (Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object)
- 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补 (Subject + Verb + Object + Object Complement)
- 主 + 系 + 表 (Subject + Linking Verb + Predicative)
5. 名词 + Please 句型
用法: 用于点餐、购物、请求等场景,非常口语化
- My coat and my umbrella, please. (请把我的外套和雨伞给我。)
- A roast duck, please. (请来一只烤鸭。)
- This shirt, please. (我要这件衬衫。)
- Your ID card, please. / Tickets, please. (请出示您的身份证。/ 请出示票。)
6. 否定句 (Negative Sentences)
功能: 表达否定
构成: be 动词 + not
| 陈述句 | 否定句 | 缩写形式 |
|---|---|---|
| This is my name. | This is not my name. | |
| This is my car. | This is not my car. | This isn't my car. |
| I am a teacher. | I am not a teacher. | I 'm not a teacher. |
| They are my books. | They are not my books. | They aren't my books. |
| She is here. | She is not here. | She isn't here. |
| You are Tom. | You are not Tom. | You aren't Tom. |
缩写形式:
- is not = isn't
- am not = 'm not (注意:无 "amn't" 的形式)
- are not = aren't
7. 冠词 (Articles)
概念: 用于名词前,相当于名词的"帽子"
分类与含义:
| 冠词 | 含义 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| a/an | 一个、一间、一台... | 不定冠词,表示不确定、泛指 |
| the | 这、那、这些、那些 | 定冠词,表示确定、特指 |
例句:
- There is a monk. (那有一个和尚。) -> 初次提到,不确定是哪个
The monk is Jack. (那个和尚是 Jack。) -> 再次提到,双方都知道是谁
初次出现,不了解,不确定,用不定冠词
再次出现,了解了,确定了,用定冠词the
a 和 an 的区别:
an + 以元音发音开头的单词
- an egg, an orange, an hour
a + 以辅音发音开头的单词
- a car, a house, a university
特殊情况(通常不加冠词):
国家(全称或缩写)、国籍、人名、城市名
- I am from China.
- I like Beijing.
8. Look at 、 See 、Listen to 、 wait for
Look at (看)
- 含义: 有意识地、主动地将视线投向某物,强调"看"的动作和行为
- 用法: 是及物动词短语,后接宾语
look at something - 关键词: 主动、刻意、有目的
注意: 看人时,
at后面接宾格- Look at me/him/her.
- Look at that man.
See (看见)
- 含义: 视觉信息自然地、被动地进入眼睛,强调"看"的结果和能力
- 用法: 是及物动词,后直接接宾语
see something/someone - 关键词: 被动、无意识、结果、能力
例句:
- I see him in the street. (我在街上看见他了。)
- Can you see the sign? (你能看见那个标志吗?)
核心区别:
Look at强调看的动作(可能还没看见)See强调看的结果(已经看见了)
Can you see it?你能看得见吗?
Can you look at it?你能看一下吗?
Listen to (看见)
9. Come and... 过来...
Come and see it. 过来看它
Come and meet my Mom. 过来见我的妈妈
Come and do it. 过来做它
Come and meet our employee. 过来见我们的雇员
Come and have a drink. 过来喝一杯
Come and meet my friend. 过来见我的朋友
10. Here + 主语 + be/一般动词
It is here. = Here it is. 它在这儿
我在这:I am here = Here I am.
他在这:He is here = Here he is.
咱开始吧:Here we go...
它们在这:They are here = Here they are. (也可以表示"给你")
11. 名词单复数规则
规则变化:
一般的名词 + s
- a girl → girls
- an officer → officers
- a coat → coats
- a boy → boys
以s、sh、x、ch结尾的词 + es /iz/
- a bus → buses
- a box → boxes
- a brush → brushes
以f、fe结尾变f、fe 为 ves /vz/
- a wife → wives
- a shelf → shelves
土豆、西红柿、黑人、英雄 + es /z/
- a potato → potatoes
- a tomato → tomatoes
- a Negro → Negroes
- a hero → heroes
规则:以o结尾有生命加es,其他+s
辅音字母 + y结尾的名词,变 y 为 i + es /iz/
- a baby → babies
- a lady → ladies
- a fly → flies
注意: 腿部以下的物品都是复数,做主语用are(如:shoes, pants, socks等)
不规则名词:
- man → men
- woman → women
- foot → feet 脚
- tooth /tuːθ/ → teeth /tiːθ/ 牙齿
- child → children /ˈtʃɪldrən/
- sheep → sheep 绵羊 (单复数一样)
- fish → fish 鱼 (单复数一样)
- tooth → teeth
12. ...and... 又...又...
- Tired and thirsty 又累又渴
- Beautiful and kind 美丽又善良
- Tall and handsome 又高又帅
- Young and rich 又年轻又富有
- Tall, rich and handsome 高富帅
13. There be 句型
构成:There be(is,are)+地点
用法:中文的“有”有两种含义,一种是拥有(我有一本书),一种是存在(天上有一只鸟)
There be... 就是存在的意思
分类 There is... + 单数名词
There are... + 复数名词
翻译 There is one in my heart
中文:那有一个人在我心里
英语:我心里有一个人
就近原则:There is a table and four chairs
a table是单数,所以就近原则用is
There's an ice cream man. 那里有一个卖冰淇淋的人
There is a book on the desk. 桌子上有一本书
There are many students in the classroom. 教室里有很多学生
结构: There + be + 名词 + 地点状语
14. 亲属关系
in-law 婚后亲属关系
- mother in-law 岳母/婆婆
- father in-law 岳父/公公
- sister in-law 嫂子/弟媳/小姑子等
- brother in-law 姐夫/妹夫/小叔子等
ex- 前任
- ex-girlfriend 前女友
- ex-boyfriend 前男友
- ex-wife 前妻
- ex-husband 前夫
step 后的,继的
- step mother 继母
- step father 继父
- step sister 同父异母/同母异父的姐妹
- step brother 同父异母/同母异父的兄弟
15. Give 给
后面接人称代词宾格形式:
- give me / her / him / them / us
例句:
- Give me the book. 把那本书给我
- Give him the pen. 把钢笔给他
- Give us some water. 给我们一些水
16. One / Ones 代词
One 单数
- the blue coat = the blue one
- the short girl = the short one
- I like the cheap one. 我喜欢便宜的那个
当两个人知道谈论的是什么的时候,one就可以代表所指示的东西(单数)
Ones 复数
- I like the red coats = I like the red ones. 我喜欢红色的那些外套
17.介词 prep
介词:媒婆,连接两个词 或 词与句子
on(在...上面)
The book on the desk 翻译成 那本书在桌子上 是❌️的
由于on是介词,on后面的on the table被称为介词短语,介词短语是在修饰前面的名词 "the book",所以需要倒着翻译
正确翻译:桌子上的那本书(短语,非句子)
the cup on the table
桌子上的那个本子
the knife in the box
盒子里的那把刀
the man in the room
房间里的那个人
如果要按顺序翻译,使用介词的句子中,需要加动词!!!
The book is on the desk 这本书在桌子上
The glass is on the table. 那个玻璃杯在桌子上
动词和介词不一定必须挨着
There is a shoe on the floor. 有一只鞋在地板上
in(在...里面)
The money in the bag 由于没有be动词,所以翻译成 包里的钱 (短语非句子)
The money is in the bag. 有了be动词,翻译成 钱在包里
拓展
恋爱:in love
He is in love 他恋爱了
三合一 tree in one
综合能力部 All in one
in+语言 用...
Please speak in English 请用英语说
in+颜色 穿着...颜色的衣服
The girl is in the red 这个女孩穿着红色衣服
The girl in the red 穿着红色衣服的女孩
in cash 使用现金
pay in cash 使用现金支付
in the rain 冒雨
They walk in the rain 他们冒雨行走
with (和...在一起)
人与人、人与物、物与物
- He is with his new grilfriend
他和他的新女朋友在一起
I am with my new sunglasses
我戴着我的心墨镜
The house is with a garden
这栋房子带着一个海运
The house with a swimming pool (不带is)
带着游泳池的房子
The house is with a swimming pool
这个房子带着游泳池
the girl with her friends.
和她的朋友一起的那个女孩
The girl is with her friends.
那个女孩和她的朋友在一起
across (穿过...)
over (跨越、上方)
between (在...之间)
只能表示两者之间
between A and B
The lady is between her daughter and her friend 这位女士在她的女儿和朋友之间
Come between 9:00-10:00 9-10点之间来
just between you and me ,don't tell others 天知地知,你知我知
along (沿着)
We are driving along the man road
我们 沿着 主路 行驶
into(进入)
I come into the bedroom我进入到了房间
I jump into the water 我跳到了水里
of (属于)
一般表示没有生命的东西,倒着说
- the photo of my school 我学校的照片
- the name of the song 这首歌的名字
- the color of my car 我的车的颜色
- the window of the room 这房间的窗户
举例
那只小狗的名字
The dog's name 由于小狗有生命,所以用 's
那本书的颜色
the colour of the book
我妈妈的手提包
My mother's handbag
那位男士的妻子
the man's wife
他们的教室
their classroom
世界(的)地图
the map of the world
我们的老师
our teacher
那部电影的名字
the name of the movie
我老板的办公室
My boss's office
beside(在...的旁边)
There is a bed table beside the bed
off(离开)
turn off 关掉
take off 脱掉
drive off 开走
jump off 跳离
for
我们可以把 “for” 的核心功能理解为:建立一种“指向性”的关联。这种关联不是物理上的方向(那是 “to”),而更像是为了一个目标、一个原因、一个人或一段时间。
- 为了...某人而... It's for you
- 对于某人来说... Math is so difficult for me
- 表原因... What are you sorry for?
18. Some 一些
Some + 复数名词/不可数名词
- some books 一些书
- some water 一些水
- some students 一些学生
- some money 一些钱
19.Here they are / Here it is / Here you are
| 短语 | 核心释义 | 关键区别与典型场景 |
|---|---|---|
| Here they are. | 它们在这儿。 给你(多个物品)。 | 针对复数物品。 • 场景1 (寻找):A: "我的眼镜呢?" B: (拿着眼镜) "Here they are." • 场景2 (递交): (端上两盘菜) "Here they are." |
| Here it is. | 它在这儿。 给你(单个物品)。 | 针对单数物品。 • 场景1 (寻找):A: "我的车钥匙呢?" B: (找到钥匙) "Here it is." • 场景2 (递交): (递过一个文件) "Here it is." |
| Here you are. | 给你。 拿好。 | 通用递交用语,不区分单复数。 • 场景 (通用递交): (递给你一杯水/一些钱/一个包裹) "Here you are." 注意:此短语焦点在“接收的人”,而非“物品”。 |
20.What must I do? 我该干什么?
What must I say \ read \ clean...? 我该 说/读/打扫 什么?
Where must I go \ live \ stay...? 我该 去/住/暂住 哪里?
Who must I meet \ love \ invite? 我该 见/爱/邀请 谁呢?
Which must I like \ take \ find? 我该 喜欢/拿/找 哪一个呢?
21.祈使句
祈使句:用来表示命令、请求、建议等、
没有主语、动词打头、
表示命令:动词原型+...
Shut the door.
表示请求:please+动词原型+...
Please give it to me. 请把它给我
表示建议:Let's+动词原型+...
Lte's go, OK?
Be careful
be+非动词(adj prep n ...)
Be happy! 要开心哦
Be good!
Be early! 要早点哦
Be here! 就待在这哦
Be a good boy! 要做个好孩子啊
22.现在进行时
时间:现在
时态:进行
此时此刻正在做的事
结构:主语 + is/am/are + doing
变疑问句 is/am/are + 主语 + doing
特殊疑问句
- What is she doing? 她在干什么? She is teaching她在教学
- Where is she teaching?她在哪儿教? She is teaching in the classroom 她在教室里教
- What is she teaching?她在教什么? She is teaching math. 她在教数学
动词-ing的构成规则(拼写注意事项)
绝大多数动词直接加 -ing,但有以下特殊情况需要特别注意:
| 规则 | 动词原形 | 动词-ing形式 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般情况 | look, play, do | looking, playing, doing | 直接加 -ing |
| 以不发音的-e结尾 | make, write, dance | making, writing, dancing | 去 -e,再加 -ing |
| 以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母 | run, sit, swim, put | running, sitting, swimming, putting | 双写末尾辅音字母,再加 -ing |
| 以 -ie 结尾 | lie, die, tie | lying, dying, tying | 变 -ie 为 -y,再加 -ing |
| 以 -c 结尾 | picnic, panic | picnicking, panicking | 先在-c后加-k,再加 -ing |
特别注意:
双写规则是难点。关键是“重读闭音节”,即单词末尾三个字母的结构是“辅音+元音+辅音”并且这个音节重读。
- 例如:
begin(重音在第二个音节gin上),符合规则,所以是beginning。 - 反例:
open(结尾是辅音+元音+辅音,但重音在第一个音节o上),所以是opening,不双写。
- 例如:
- 部分动词如
travel,cancel等,英式英语双写 (travelling,cancelling),美式英语不双写 (traveling,canceling)。
23.What about...? ...怎么样?
反问
I am a teacher. What about you? 我是一个老师,你呢?
I am learning English. What about you?我正在学英语,你呢?
提议
I want rice. What about you? 我想要一个rice,你呢?
24.他正穿过那片草地
He is acrossing the grass. across是介词,所以是错误的❌️
He is going across the grass 认为加动词
going去 walking走 running跑
25.It's running after a cat
run after 追赶,它正在追赶一只猫
26.描述天气句型结构
It is + adj +时间
27.wait for... 等待...
wait for me 等等我
28.动词分类
连系动词
She is beautiful
情态动词
You must do it
实义动词
I wash my hands
助动词
She is running 现在进行is是助动词,is running是一个整体
29.短语
| come out of... | 从...出来 |
|---|---|
| come upstairs | 上楼来 |
| go downstairs | 下楼去 |
| the same color/name/city | 相同的 颜色/名字/城市 |
| lovely smart beautiful nice | 漂亮、好看、时髦 |
| Come and see it | 过来看它 |
| a lucky dog | 幸运儿 |
| my girl | 我的女孩 (女朋友) |
| That's fine | 就这样吧/就到这吧/行啦 |
| grey hair | 花白的头发 |
| black tea | 红茶 |
| black coffee | 纯咖啡 |
| black man | 黑人 |
| Here they are | 给你 复数(多个物品)在这呢 |
| what's the matter? | 什么事情? |
| Are you tired? | 你累了吗? |
| What's up? | 干嘛呢?/怎么回事啊? |
| What's wrong? | 什么不对?/怎么了? |
| What's wrong with you? | 你怎么回事?(吵架) |
| all right = ok | |
| Here it is | 它在这里呢 / 给你 / 这就是了 |
| Here you are | 给你 / 拿好 |
| I'm full | 我饱了(我满了) |
| a full stop | 句号(一个满满的停顿) |
| a full time job | 一份全职工作(一个满时间的工作) |
| a part time job | 一份兼职工作(一个部分时间的工作) |
| make the bed | 整理床铺 |
| I bed your pardon? | 我祈求您的原谅,您可以再说一遍吗? |
| a family meeting | 家庭会议 |
| we are a family | 我们是一家人 |
| Are you the family of...? | 你们是...的家属吗? |
| come out of... | 从...出来 |
| walk out of... | 从...走出来 |
| run out of... | 从...跑出来 |
| walk out of... | 从...走出来 |
| go into | 走进... |
| go out of | 走出... |
| some of them | 他们中的一些 |
| some of us | 我们中的一些 |
| go into | 进入... |
| walk into | 走进去... |
| run into | 跑进去... |
| There we are = We are there | 就这么着吧/就到这儿吧 |
| Not very | 不是非常... |
| Hurry up | 快点 |
| Be quick | 快点 |
| It's over there | 就(over)在那儿 |
| It's right here | 就(right)在这儿 |
| There it is = It is there | 他在这里/就在这里 |
| There he is = He is there | 他在这里 |
| Wait a minute | 稍等一会(一分钟) |
| Wait a second | 稍等一会(几秒钟) |
| Can I ask you a question? | 我能问你一个问题吗? |
| Can you come here a minute please? | 你能过来一下好吗? |
| She is next door | 她在隔壁 |
| To tell you the truth,... | 说句老实话吧,.... |
| Well... | 嗯... 呃... |
| Yeah | |
| To be honest,... | 老实讲... |
30.副词
功能:
之前学过的形容词用来修饰名词比如 a busy day, a pretty girl...
副词:修饰 adj. / v. / adv
修饰adj
I am tired -> I am very tired - I am so tired - I am too tired - I am awfully tired
修饰v.
I love you -> I love you very much(very much修饰love) - I love you deeply
副词的位置:通常情况 ,形前动后
I am very tired very修饰形容词tired,放在形容词前面
I swim well well修饰动词swim,放在动词后面
I love you very much
hard
hard work 艰苦的工作
work hard 努力地工作
31.一般将来时
何时用
预先计划和打算要做的事
固定结构
主 + is/am/are + going to
is /am /are 是助动词,going to是固定搭配
注意事项
主 + is/am/are + going to + 动词原型
主 + is/am/are + going to + 地点名词
主 + is/am/are +going to be + 非动词
我打算两点到那 I am going to be there at two.
他打算成为一名医生 He is going to be a docter.
我打算下周忙起来 I am going to be busy next week.
他计划这周末待在家里 He is going to be at home this weekend.
他们打算以后在北京 They are going to be in Beijing
be going to 句型的疑问句和否定
疑问:be提前
她打算周末去游泳吗? Is she going to swim this weekend.
否定:be + not
她不打算周末去游泳。She is not going to swim this weekend.
英语口语会将 going to 变成 gonna 美/ˈɡənə/
举例:
我打算周末去游泳
I am going to swim this weekend
我打算买一辆新车
I am going to buy a new car.
我们打算去上海
We are going to Shanghai.
32.in front of / in the front of
in front of 表示两个物体分开,In the front of 表示在某个物体内部的前面(靠前位置)
33.说不
is not / am not / are not
Don't(Do not) + v.动词
No + n.
34.What are you going to do with...
你打算怎么处理...?
- 你打算怎么处理这些旧书 What are you going to do with the old books?
35.Give it to me 主谓宾宾
You give the vase to me
主 谓 宾 宾
双宾语:give给予 \ show展示 \ take带给 \ teach教授
You give the vase to me
You give me the vase
the vase: sth. me: sb.
give sth. to sb. = give sb. sth.
I give some money to him = I give him some money
I give a flower to my mother = I give my mother a flower
I give some new books to them = I give them some new books
I show my new cat to him = I show him my new car
I teach English to her = I teach her English
36.不可数名词
不可数的、不可计算的名词
1、液体状东西
water tea coffee milk beer
2、物质名词
soap gold
3、抽象名词
love friendship anger
4、无法计算
work homework rice rain
用法
1、前面不可以加one two three
2、前面不可以加a an
3、后面不可以加s,永远是单数
量词搭配
a loaf of bread 一条 面包 /loʊf/
a bar of soap 一块 肥皂
a bottle of cola 一瓶可乐
a pound of sugar 一磅糖 /paʊnd/
half a pound of... 半磅 /hæf/
a quarter of ... 四分之一
a quarter of a pound of...四分之一磅 /ˈkwɔːrtər/
a tin of cola 一罐可乐
a piece of bread 一片面包 /piːs/
a cup of coffee 一杯咖啡 two cups of coffee
a spoon of sugar 一勺糖
What's in it?里面是什么
what's on it? 上面是什么?
What's under it? 下面是什么?
What over it? 上面是什么?
What's behind it? 后面是什么
37.some / any
1、
some/any + 复数或不可数名词时表示一些
some用在肯定句
any用在否定,疑问句中。
2、但在表请求、建议的疑问句中使用some
Can you lend me some money?你可以借我点钱吗?
Would you like to drink some tea?你想喝点茶吗?
3、
some + 单数名词, “某一”
any + 单数名词,"任意"
Some day, He can be some one 某一天,他可能成为个人物
You can buy it in any supermarket 你可以在任何一个超市买到
38. can
can + 动词,且原形
可以吗?
Can you...?
Can she...?
Can he...?
Can we...?
Can they...?
你能帮我吗?Can you help me?
他可以做这事吗?Can he do it?
我们可以一起有用吗?Can we swim together?
Can I help you? 我能帮助你吗? No thanks Yes please
Can't wait! 快点说吧
I can't help 没法子!
Can you give me a hand?你可以搭把手帮个忙吗?
39.数字
- one - /wʌn/
- two - /tuː/
- three - /θriː/
- four - /fɔːr/
- five - /faɪv/
- six - /sɪks/
- seven - /ˈsev.ən/
- eight - /eɪt/
- nine - /naɪn/
- ten - /ten/
11.eleven - /ɪˈlev.ən/
12.twelve - /twelv/
13.thirteen - /ˌθɜːrˈtiːn/
14.fourteen - /ˌfɔːrˈtiːn/
15.fifteen - /ˌfɪfˈtiːn/
16.sixteen - /ˌsɪkˈstiːn/
17.seventeen - /ˌsev.ənˈtiːn/
18.eighteen - /ˌeɪˈtiːn/
19.nineteen - /ˌnaɪnˈtiːn/
20.twenty - /ˈtwen.ti/
30.thirty
40.forty
50.fifty
60.sixty
70.seventy
80.eighty
90.ninety
100.one hundred
twenty-one 21 thirty-six 36 fifty-seven 57 sixty-nine 69 eighty-six 86
200.two hundred
236 two hundred and thirty-six
542 five hundred and forty-two
807 eight hundred and seven
1000 one thousand
2000 two thousand
1423 one thousand four hundred and twenty-three
5
40.情态动词
1、概念:表示情感、态度
You must go out!
Can you please stand up?
2、包括:can、must、may...
3、用法:+动词,且原形
4、没有人称和数的变化
She is... She can...
He is... He can...
It is... It can...
I am... I can...
They are... They can...
5、疑问句:情感动词提前
He can read it. Can he read it?
He can do it. Can he do it?
6、否定句
can - can't = cannot
must - mustn't(禁止) = must not don't need to 不必
may - may not
41.next door在隔壁\与...相邻
She is next door to us 她与我们相邻
There is a school next door to the park 学校和公园相邻 / 学校的隔壁是公园
next-door adj.隔壁的
The next-door girl is very beautiful隔壁的女孩很漂亮
42.双动词
我喜欢踢足球(play football)
I like playing football
我喜欢开车(drive)
I like driving
want
我想买一辆新车(buy)
I want to buy a new car
我想开车
I want to drive
我想去游泳
I want to swim
43.实义动词疑问 否定/ DO
Are they + 形容词/名词/介词/副词...
一般疑问句:be+形容词/名词/介词/副词...
否定句:They are not +形容词/名词/介词/副词...
实义动词疑问句:Do + 动词
Do you like coffee?
Do you want any sugar?
Do you sepan English?
Do you eat breakfast?
否定句 Do not + 动词
I don't like coffee
拓展
Do you want any sugar?
Yes, please.
Do you want any milk?
No, thank you.
I don't like milk in my coffee 我不喜欢咖啡里加牛奶
I don't like sugar in my coffee 我喜欢在我的咖啡里加糖
一、Don't 和 Doesn't (用于否定实义动词)
规则:看主语
| 主语 | 否定词 | 例句 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|---|
| I / You / We / They 复数名词 | don't (do not) | I don't like coffee. They don't live here. My parents don't work on Sunday. | 主语是“我/你/我们/他们/复数”时,用 don't。后面的动词用原形。 |
| He / She / It 单数名词 (第三人称单数) | doesn't (does not) | He doesn't speak Chinese. She doesn't have a car. The cat doesn't eat fish. A computer doesn't need rest. | 主语是“他/她/它/单数”时,用 doesn't。后面的动词必须恢复原形。 |
核心记忆口诀: 有“动”用 do/does,三单用 does,非三用 do。
二、Not (用于否定系动词、情态动词等)
规则:放在要否定的词后面
| 否定的对象 | 结构 | 例句 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 系动词 (am/is/are) | am/is/are + not | I am not tired. She is not a student. They are not at home. | 构成“不是/不在”的否定。is not = isn't, are not = aren't。 |
| 情态动词 (can, will, must...) | 情态动词 + not | I cannot swim. He will not come. You must not smoke here. | 构成“不能/不会/不准”等否定。cannot = can't, will not = won't。 |
| 助动词 (have, has, had) | 助动词 + not | I have not finished. She has not seen the movie. | 构成完成时的否定。have not = haven't, has not = hasn't。 |
| 不定式、动名词等 | not + to do / doing | Try not to be late. I regret not going to the party. | 否定非谓语动词。 |
| 与其他词构成否定词 | not + 形容词/副词 | Not many people know this. He runs not very fast. | 用于部分否定或修饰。 |
三、对比总结与快速决策树
看句子核心动词:
- 如果句子动词是 like, live, work, speak, play, eat 等实义动词 → 用 don't / doesn't。
- 如果句子动词是 am, is, are 或 can, will, should 等 → 用 not。
44.一般现在时
1、何时用?
A、经常的状态;
B、习惯的动作;
C、真理(客观事实)
2、结构?
A、经常的状态 主语 + is/am/are +非动词
B、习惯的动作 主语+ v.(实意动词)
C、真理 主语 + is/am/are +非动词 主语+ v.(实意动词)
The earth is round 地球是圆的
The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东边升起来
3、动词?
主语 + v.(动词)
主语为非三单 + 动词原型
主语为三单 + 动词 s/es
4、疑问句?否定句?
实义动词非三单
陈述句They drink beer every night.
疑问句Do they drink beer every night? 非三单用Do提问
否定句 They don't drink beer every night
实义动词三单
陈述句He loves his girlfriend very much.
疑问句Dose he love his girlfriend very much? 三单用Does提问,动词用原型(Does已经体现了三单)
否定句He doesn't love his girlfriend very much
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