1.简单陈述句
简单陈述句的构成---核心
主语 + 谓语v.
Birds fly 鸟飞
We walk 我们散步
The play was interesting.
简单陈述句的变化
| Boys talk |
|---|
| Boys were talking |
| Lovely boys were talking loudly |
| Yesterday after class lovely boys were talking loudly about the exam in the classroom |
| I go |
|---|
| I went |
| I went to the theatre |
| Last week I went to the theatre |
| I have a seat |
|---|
| I had a seat |
| I had a very good seat |
简单陈述句的变化 --- 谓语动词的变化（三态+一否）时态，语态，情态，否定
They were talking loudly 时态
It was bought by my grandfather 它被我祖父买了 (被动)语态
I could not heat the actors 情态
I did not enjoy it 否定
简单陈述句的分类
They meet 主谓 vi.不及物
I love you 主谓宾 vt.及物
I tell you a secret 主谓双宾
I find you interesting 主谓宾补
You are beautiful 主系表
下面的单词必须满足词义的条件才是主系表
1、be动词（单独出现）
2、get become turn go grow '变得'
3、look sound smell taste feel 看起来 / 听起来 / 闻起来 / 品尝起来 / 感觉起来
2.时态
一般现在时
表示现在经常性习惯性的动作
We have the English class every day
I never get up early on Sundays
I sometimes stay in bed until lunchtime
He often gets up late
搭配频度副词
always、usually、frequently、often、sometimes、seldom、rarely、hardly、never...
表示现在的状态
I am a teacher
It is one o'clock
表示永恒
The earth is round 地球是圆的 科学事实
The earth moves around the sun 客观真理
Practice makes perfect 练习产生完美(熟能生巧) 名言警句
一般现在变否定疑问
| He is happy | You like English | He likes English |
|---|---|---|
| He is not happy | You do not like English | He does not like English |
| Is he happy? | Do you like English | Dose he like English |
| How is he? | What do you like? | What does he like? |
现在进行时
表示现在正在进行的事 现在有狭义(此时此刻)和广义(大的时间段/现阶段)
I am having breakfast now
表示将来确定要发生的事
I am coming to see you
We are arriving at...
The old man is dying
现在进行变否定疑问
| He is listening |
|---|
| He is not listening |
| Is he listening? |
| What is he doing |
一般过去时
表示过去发生的事
一般过去时变否定疑问
| You were happy | They had a meeting |
|---|---|
| You were not happy | They did not have a meeting |
| Were you happy? | Did they have a meeting? |
现在完成时
have/has + done(v.过去分词)
现在全部完成
现在部分完成
现在的之前
He has finished the homework 他完成了作业(现在的之前完成了)
We have learned English for ten years 我们学习英语长达十年了(现在的之前已经学习了)
现在完成时变否定疑问
| He has finished the homework |
|---|
| He has not finished the homework |
| Has he finished the homework |
| What has he done |
have been to... 去过... (双程，人已经回来)
have gone to... 去了... (单程，人还没回来)
have been + 形容词/名词 一直....
常搭配词组
just 刚刚 already 已经 ever 曾经 never 从不
yet 已经，否定疑问，放句尾
so far / up to now / before / lately
for + 一段时间
since +过去的时间
过去进行时
常搭配 when while as
while、as一般搭配延续性的事情
when没有限制，万能词
| 句式 | 结构 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 肯定 | 主语 + was/were + 现在分词 | I was sleeping. / They were talking. |
| 否定 | 主语 + was/were + not + 现在分词 | I was not (wasn't) sleeping. |
| 疑问 | Was/Were + 主语 + 现在分词？ | Were you sleeping? |
规则：
I / He / She / It→ wasYou / We / They→ were
| 用法 | 说明 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 1. 过去某一时刻正在做 | 强调动作在过去的某个时间点正在进行 | At 8 pm, I was watching TV. |
| 2. 过去某段时间持续做 | 强调动作在过去的一段时间内持续发生 | They were talking loudly all morning. |
| 3. 与一般过去时搭配 | 长动作（进行时）被短动作（一般过去时）打断 | I was reading when the phone rang. |
一般将来时
一般将来时由will（第一人称可用shall）加动词原型构成，可以预言将来发生的事，如说出我们设想会发生的事或者请对方预言将要发生什么事。will可用于所有人称
You and I will work in the same office你和我将在同一个办公室工作
will在书面语和流利的口语中，可做缩略为'll，如 I'll we'll you'll等
在否定句中，will not可以缩略为 -'ll not 或者 won't
He will be a teacher will后面跟原型，所以用be
He will not be a teacher
Will he be a teacher?
He is going to be a teacher
He is not going to be a teacher
Is he going to be a teacher?
将来进行时
主语 + will/shall + be + 现在分词构成
通常用于表示最近或很久的将来正在进行的动作。试与现在进行时比较
| 你想表达 | 推荐时态 |
|---|---|
| 将来可能发生的事 | 一般将来时 |
| 将来某个时间点正在做 | 将来进行时 |
| 强调将来 正在进行/确定要发生 | 将来进行时 |
| 礼貌地询问计划 | 将来进行时 |
用法：将来某时正在进行/确定要发生的将来
I will be waiting here at 10:00 tomorrow
过去完成时
形式：had + done
用法：过去的之前
When he got there, she was not there,She had left
She had not left
Had she left
What had she left
过去将来时
1、功能：表示过去的计划、打算或即将发生的事情
2、结构：
主语 + was/were +going to
主语 + would + v
He told me he would come to Beijing 他告 诉我他将会来北京
3.主谓双宾
He lend me a book
双宾语 = 人 + 物
那些及物动词能接双宾语
单独能接人，又单独能接物，就能接双宾语
双宾语动词 + sb. + sth = 双宾语动词 + sth. + to/for+ sb.
She gave me a book = She gave a book to be
I cooked him a meal = I cooked a meal for him
4.have been + 形容词/名词 —— 持续的状态
表示“从过去一直持续到现在的状态”。
I have been busy all day.（我一整天都很忙。）
She has been a teacher for ten years.（她当了十年老师。）
We have been friends since childhood.（我们从童年起就是朋友。）
5.He is finding this trip very exciting.
他觉得这次旅行非常令人兴奋。
核心语法（新概念 2 L4 重点句型）
- 结构：find + 宾语 + 宾语补足语
find + sb/sth + 形容词
表示：觉得 / 发现…… 怎么样
- He finds this trip exciting. 他觉得旅行很刺激。
- I find the movie interesting. 我觉得电影很有趣。
- 时态：现在进行时 is finding
这里find 不是 “寻找”，是 “觉得、认为”，
用进行时：正在渐渐觉得、越发觉得，比一般现在时更生动。
- exciting /excited 区分（必考）
- exciting：令人兴奋的（事物：trip, book, news）
- excited：感到兴奋的（人：I am excited）
6.from...to... 从...到...
- 时间：from … to … 从… 到…
- from morning to night 从早到晚
- 地点：from … to … 从… 到…
- from Beijing to Shanghai 从北京到上海
- 范围：从… 到…
What's the distance from A to B? A到B的距离是多少？
The distance is 80 kilometers.
How far is A from B
It's about 80 kilometers
7.one...to the other... 一个...到另一个
some...others... 一些...到另一些
8.be + 距离 + from… 离…… 多远
Xian is only five minutes from Zhouzhi
9.call on sb./call at sp 拜访某人/某地
call on sb 拜访某人
He calls on his grandfather every week
call at sp 拜访某地
He calls at every house in the street once a month
10.冠词
定冠词 the 特指
不定冠词 a/an 泛指
| 冠词 | 泛指 | 特指 |
|---|---|---|
| 接可数名词单数 | a/an | the |
| 接可数名词复数 | some/不加冠词 | the |
| 接不可数名词 | some/不加冠词 | the |
12.ask ... 常见搭配
He ask me for a meal and a glass of beer 他向我要了一顿饭和一杯啤酒
She asked for help 她请求帮助
A man asked for the manager. 有个人要见经历
| ask (someone) a question | 问（某人）一个问题 | Can I ask you a question? |
|---|---|---|
| ask about | 询问关于……的情况 | He asked about your health. |
| ask after | 问候、问安（健康等） | She asked after your mother. |
| ask for | 要、要求 | I asked for a cup of coffee. |
| ask sb. for sth | 要求某人做某事 | |
| ask to do | 请求做某事 | He asked to leave early. |
| ask someone to do | 请某人做某事 | She asked me to help her. |
| ask for someone | 要求见某人 / 找某人 | Someone asked for you on the phone. |
13.in return for... 作为对...的回报
In return for this 作为对此的回报
14.take...off... 把……从……上取下/拿走
take...off... 表示 “把……从……上取下/拿走”，强调某物离开某处。
take + 某物 + off + 某处
He took his hat off his head.（他把帽子从头上拿下来。）
She took her glasses off her face.（她把眼镜从脸上取下来。）
Two men took the parcel off the plane.
15.keep guard 看守
They were keeping guard at the door
16.be full of 充满……
The room is full of people 房间充满了人
This box is full of old books 这个箱子里全是旧书
The parcel was full of stones and sand 这个包裹里全是石头和沙子
17.enter for 报名参加...
18.形容词和副词的比较级
形容词/副词的作用
形容词 修饰名词，一般放在名词前或者系动词后面
This is a wonderful world
We are living in a beautiful new house
Their sleeping bags were warm and comfortable 这个睡袋是温暖和舒适的
副词 修饰动词/句子/其他的形容词或副词
形容词副词的原级比较（待完善）
形容词副词的比较级
adj./adv.的比较级 + （than 比较的对象）
(和......相比)更......
通常用于两者之间的比较
I am taller than you 我比你更高
Air tickets are more expensive than train tickets 飞机票比火车票更贵
形容词副词最高级
the + adj./adv.的最高级 + （介词短语表示比较的范围）
(......范围内)最......
通常用于三者或以上的比较
My younger sister is the tallest one in her class.
最高级介词一般用 of 和 in，in一般接地点、场所。of一般接比较的对象
He is the tallest in our class 他在我们班里最高 in接场所
He is the tallest of all the students 他是所有学生中最高的 of接对象
Which is the longest river in the workd?
This stereo is the most expensive of all the ones in the shop
不规则变化的比较级和最高级
| 原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
|---|---|---|
| good/well | better | best |
| bad/ill | worse | worse |
| many/much | more | most |
| little/a little | less | least |
| old 老/旧 | older(年龄、旧)/elder(年龄) | oldest(年龄、旧)/eldest(年龄) |
| far | farther(距离)/further(距离、更深意义) | farthest(距离)/furthest(距离、更深意义) |
多音节比较
多音节形容词的比较级和最高级，其实是一个 4 个词的完整系统：
| 级别 | 肯定（强调多） | 否定（强调少） |
|---|---|---|
| 比较级 | more（更……） | less（更不……） |
| 最高级 | most（最……） | least（最不…… / 最少） |
19.prize for + 事物 固定搭配：因…… 获奖 / 针对…… 设立的奖项
公式：win a prize for sth 因为某事得奖
例：
- win a prize for good grades 因成绩优异获奖
- win a prize for the ugliest house 因房子最丑获奖
- I always win a little prize for the worst garden in the town 我总是获得一个镇上最差花园的小奖
20.a large crowd of... 一大群...
21.表示时间的介词短语
时间介词：in
in 1992 / January / summer in接大范围，年月季节
in the morning / afternoon / evening 上午、下午、晚上也用in
in...minutes' time 在...时间之后
in twenty minutes' tiem 在20分钟之后
时间介词：on
on Monday
On july 7th.
On Wednesday evening
on the morning of July 7th.
时间介词：at
at 8 o'clock
at midnight / noon
at night
| 时间介词 | 意思 |
|---|---|
| before | 之前 |
| after | 之后 |
| since | 自从 |
| until | 直到 |
| during | 在...时间段 |
| for | 持续... |
| by | 截止到 |
| from...till/to... | 从开始...到结束... |
22.被动语态
be+done
1、被动的动作
2、被动的时间
3、主语的单复数
教室每天都打扫 Classrooms are cleaned every day
这座新大楼去年建造的 The new building was built last year
时态
他每天被打 He is beaten every day
他昨天被打了 He was beaten yesterday
他明天将要被打 He will be beaten tomorrow
他现在正在被打 He is being beaten now 现在进行am/is/are being done
相对应过去进行 was/were being done
他现在已经被打了 He has been beaten 现在完成 have/has been done
相对应过去完成 had been done
| 时态 | 被动结构 (be + done) | 肯定句 | 否定句 | 疑问句 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | am/is/are + done | The room is cleaned. | The room is not cleaned. | Is the room cleaned? |
| 一般过去时 | was/were + done | The room was cleaned. | The room was not cleaned. | Was the room cleaned? |
| 一般将来时 | will be + done | The room will be cleaned. | The room will not be cleaned. | Will the room be cleaned? |
| 过去将来时 | would be + done | The room would be cleaned. | The room would not be cleaned. | Would the room be cleaned? |
| 现在进行时 | am/is/are + being + done | The room is being cleaned. | The room is not being cleaned. | Is the room being cleaned? |
| 过去进行时 | was/were + being + done | The room was being cleaned. | The room was not being cleaned. | Was the room being cleaned? |
| 现在完成时 | have/has + been + done 已经被... | The room has been cleaned. | The room has not been cleaned. | Has the room been cleaned? |
| 过去完成时 | had + been + done | The room had been cleaned. | The room had not been cleaned. | Had the room been cleaned? |
| 将来完成时 | will have been + done | The room will have been cleaned. | The room will not have been cleaned. | Will the room have been cleaned? |
| 情态动词 | 情态动词 + be + done | The room must be cleaned. | The room must not be cleaned. | Must the room be cleaned? |
情态动词的被动语态
情态动词被动语态 · 完整表格
| 情态动词 | 被动结构 | 肯定句 | 否定句 | 疑问句 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| can | can be + done | The room can be cleaned. 房间能被打扫。 | The room cannot be cleaned. 房间不能被打扫。 | Can the room be cleaned? 房间能被打扫吗？ |
| could | could be + done | The room could be cleaned. 房间当时能被打扫。 | The room could not be cleaned. 房间当时不能被打扫。 | Could the room be cleaned? 房间当时能被打扫吗？ |
| may | may be + done | The room may be cleaned. 房间可能会被打扫。 | The room may not be cleaned. 房间可能不会被打扫。 | May the room be cleaned? 房间可能会被打扫吗？ |
| might | might be + done | The room might be cleaned. 房间也许会被打扫。 | The room might not be cleaned. 房间也许不会被打扫。 | Might the room be cleaned? 房间也许会被打扫吗？ |
| must | must be + done | The room must be cleaned. 房间必须被打扫。 | The room must not be cleaned. 房间禁止被打扫。 | Must the room be cleaned? 房间必须被打扫吗？ |
| should | should be + done | The room should be cleaned. 房间应该被打扫。 | The room should not be cleaned. 房间不应该被打扫。 | Should the room be cleaned? 房间应该被打扫吗？ |
| ought to | ought to be + done | The room ought to be cleaned. 房间理应被打扫。 | The room ought not to be cleaned. 房间理应不被打扫。 | Ought the room to be cleaned? 房间理应被打扫吗？ |
| will | will be + done | The room will be cleaned. 房间将会被打扫。 | The room will not be cleaned. 房间将不会被打扫。 | Will the room be cleaned? 房间将会被打扫吗？ |
| would | would be + done | The room would be cleaned. 房间过去将被打扫。 | The room would not be cleaned. 房间过去将不会被打扫。 | Would the room be cleaned? 房间过去将被打扫吗？ |
| have to | have/has to be + done | The room has to be cleaned. 房间必须被打扫（客观要求）。 | The room does not have to be cleaned. 房间不必被打扫。 | Does the room have to be cleaned? 房间必须被打扫吗？ |
情态动词 + 完成式被动（对过去的推测）
| 情态动词 | 被动结构 | 肯定句 | 否定句 | 疑问句 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| must have | must have been + done | The room must have been cleaned. 房间一定已经被打扫了。 | The room must not have been cleaned. 房间一定还没有被打扫。 | Must the room have been cleaned? 房间一定已经被打扫了吗？ |
| may have | may have been + done | The room may have been cleaned. 房间可能已经被打扫了。 | The room may not have been cleaned. 房间可能还没有被打扫。 | May the room have been cleaned? 房间可能已经被打扫了吗？ |
| might have | might have been + done | The room might have been cleaned. 房间也许已经被打扫了。 | The room might not have been cleaned. 房间也许还没有被打扫。 | Might the room have been cleaned? 房间也许已经被打扫了吗？ |
| could have | could have been + done | The room could have been cleaned. 房间本来可能已经被打扫了（但实际没扫）。 | The room could not have been cleaned. 房间绝不可能已经被打扫了。 | Could the room have been cleaned? 房间本来可能已经被打扫了吗？ |
| should have | should have been + done | The room should have been cleaned. 房间本该已经被打扫了（但实际没扫）。 | The room should not have been cleaned. 房间本不该被打扫（但实际扫了）。 | Should the room have been cleaned? 房间本该已经被打扫了吗？ |
| would have | would have been + done | The room would have been cleaned. 房间本来会被打扫（但条件没满足）。 | The room would not have been cleaned. 房间本来不会被打扫。 | Would the room have been cleaned? 房间本来会被打扫吗？ |
| can't have | can't have been + done | — | The room can't have been cleaned. 房间绝不可能已经被打扫了。 | Can the room have been cleaned? 房间有可能已经被打扫了吗？（少用） |
情态动词 + 进行时被动（正在被做）
| 情态动词 | 被动结构 | 肯定句 | 否定句 | 疑问句 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| must | must be being + done | The room must be being cleaned. 房间一定正在被打扫。 | The room must not be being cleaned. 房间一定没有在被打扫。 | Must the room be being cleaned? 房间一定正在被打扫吗？ |
| may | may be being + done | The room may be being cleaned. 房间可能正在被打扫。 | The room may not be being cleaned. 房间可能没有在被打扫。 | May the room be being cleaned? 房间可能正在被打扫吗？ |
| might | might be being + done | The room might be being cleaned. 房间也许正在被打扫。 | The room might not be being cleaned. 房间也许没有在被打扫。 | Might the room be being cleaned? 房间也许正在被打扫吗？ |
| could | could be being + done | The room could be being cleaned. 房间可能正在被打扫。（不太确定） | The room could not be being cleaned. 房间不可能正在被打扫。 | Could the room be being cleaned? 房间可能正在被打扫吗？ |
| should | should be being + done | The room should be being cleaned. 房间应该正在被打扫。 | The room should not be being cleaned. 房间不应该正在被打扫。 | Should the room be being cleaned? 房间应该正在被打扫吗？ |
| would | would be being + done | The room would be being cleaned. 房间本来会正在被打扫。 | The room would not be being cleaned. 房间本来不会正在被打扫。 | Would the room be being cleaned? 房间本来会正在被打扫吗？ |
一句话记住
一般被动：情态动词 + be + done
过去被动：情态动词 + have been + done
进行被动：情态动词 + be being + done
如果你愿意，我可以把 主动表被动 的特殊情况（如 need doing）也按同样格式整理成表格。
23.情态动词表推测
could 和 might 既是 can / may 的“过去式”（表时间），也是它们的“弱化版”（表不确定）。
在表推测时，它们不表示过去，只表示“可能性更小”。
| 情态动词 | 时间 | 结构 | 示例 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| must | 现在 | must + 动词原形 | He must be at home now. | 他现在一定在家。 |
| 过去 | must have done | He must have been at home yesterday. | 他昨天一定在家。 | |
| 进行 | must be doing | He must be sleeping now. | 他现在一定在睡觉。 | |
| 过去进行 | must have been doing | He must have been sleeping then. | 他那时一定在睡觉。 | |
| may | 现在 | may + 动词原形 | He may be at home now. | 他现在可能在家。 |
| 过去 | may have done | He may have been at home yesterday. | 他昨天可能在家。 | |
| 进行 | may be doing | He may be sleeping now. | 他现在可能在睡觉。 | |
| 过去进行 | may have been doing | He may have been sleeping then. | 他那时可能在睡觉。 | |
| might | 现在 | might + 动词原形 | He might be at home now. | 他现在也许在家。 |
| 过去 | might have done | He might have been at home yesterday. | 他昨天也许在家。 | |
| 进行 | might be doing | He might be sleeping now. | 他现在也许在睡觉。 | |
| 过去进行 | might have been doing | He might have been sleeping then. | 他那时也许在睡觉。 | |
| could | 现在 | could + 动词原形 | He could be at home now. | 他现在可能在家。 |
| 过去 | could have done | He could have been at home yesterday. | 他昨天可能在家。 | |
| 进行 | could be doing | He could be sleeping now. | 他现在可能在睡觉。 | |
| 过去进行 | could have been doing | He could have been sleeping then. | 他那时可能在睡觉。 | |
| can't | 现在 | can't + 动词原形 | He can't be at home now. | 他现在不可能在家。 |
| 过去 | can't have done | He can't have been at home yesterday. | 他昨天不可能在家。 | |
| 进行 | can't be doing | He can't be sleeping now. | 他现在不可能在睡觉。 | |
| 过去进行 | can't have been doing | He can't have been sleeping then. | 他那时不可能在睡觉。 |
24.made in/of/from/by
made in 表示产地， It was made in Germany
made of 表示用某种材料制成 The teapot is made of silver茶壶是银制的
made from 表示用数种材料制成 Class is made from sand and lime 玻璃是沙子和石灰制成的
made by 表示制造的人 This cake was made by my sister 这块蛋糕是我姐姐做的
25.That's where... 那就是……的地方
This is the living room. That's where we keep the clavichord.
这是客厅。那就是我们放置击弦古钢琴的地方。
The library is over there. That's where I study every day.
图书馆在那边。那就是我每天学习的地方。
26.early late用于早中晚前
We'll meet him at the harbour early in the morning
明天一大早我们将会为他送行
27.say goodbye to sb 向...告别
We'll say goodbye to him 我们将会向他告别
28.set out 出发、动身
I will set out at eight o'clock
set out = set off
29.be proud of (sb.) 为(某人)感到自豪
We are very pround of him 我们为他感到非常自豪
Mr.Baker is pround of his son 贝克先生为他的儿子感到自豪
30.take part in 参加、参与(某项活动)(固定搭配)
He will take part in an important race across the Atlantic.
We all took part in the competition 我们都参加了这场竞赛
31.be away 、leave 离开
He will be away for two months
He will leave for two months ❌️
He will leave
leave是瞬间的，不能搭配一段时间
away 是离开延续的状态，可以接时间
32.名词的所有格
我们一般只对人和某些生物用's
名词所有格最简单的规则：除了以-s结尾的复数名词只需要加 ' ,任何人称名词都可以加 's
1、在单数名词及不以-s结尾的人名后加 's
a child's words
Tom's new job
2、以-s结尾的单数名词后加's
a waiteress's job
3、在规则的复数名词之后加省字号 '
boys' school
4、如果and连接人名，则在第二个名字加's
John and Mary's child
5、以-s结尾的人名后加 -s
Mr. Jones' / Jones's car
33.try to do 尽力/努力 做某事
I will try to do my homework.
34.always the same 总是老样子
固定搭配，表示 情况总是如此，没有变化
It is always the same on these occasions
35.副词 on
副词on紧跟在动词后面可以表示“向前” “继续下去”等意义
He talked on until everybody had gone 他滔滔不绝地讲到大家都走了
I drove on to the next town
36.in the south of France 在法国的南部
in the north of China 在中国的北部
37.on the way 在路上
on the way to... 在去...的路上
On the way to the company 在去公司的路上
on one's way to... 在某人去...的路上
On my way to the company 在我去公司的路上
38.as soon as 一...就...
As soon as he had got into the car, I said good morning to him
39.in (language) 用...语言
As soon as he had got into the car, I said good morning to him in French
他一上车，我就用法语对他说good morning
40.apart from / except / except for 除......以外
三者都表示 除......以外 ，有时可以互相代替使用
except不用于句首，apart from/except for则可以
41.neither of... 两者都不 none of...两者以上都不...
neither of us spoke during the journey
42.arrive 和 reach
中文翻译：
- reach：到达（及物动词，后面直接跟地点）
- arrive：到达（不及物动词，后面需要加介词）
核心区别
| 对比项 | reach | arrive |
|---|---|---|
| 词性 | 及物动词 | 不及物动词 |
| 后面跟什么 | 直接 + 地点 | arrive at + 小地点 / arrive in + 大地点 |
| 是否需要介词 | ❌ 不需要 | ✅ 需要（at / in） |
| 正式程度 | 中性 | 中性 |
详细解析
1. reach —— 到达（直接加地点）
结构：reach + 地点（不需要介词）
| 句子 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| We reached Beijing at 8 pm. | 我们晚上8点到达了北京。 |
| What time will you reach the station? | 你什么时候到车站？ |
| She reached home late last night. | 她昨晚很晚才到家。 |
2. arrive —— 到达（需要加介词）
结构：arrive at + 小地点 / arrive in + 大地点
| 地点大小 | 介词 | 示例 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 小地点（车站、机场、学校、商店） | at | arrive at the station | 到达车站 |
| 大地点（城市、国家） | in | arrive in Beijing | 到达北京 |
示例：
| 句子 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| We arrived at the airport on time. | 我们准时到达了机场。 |
| She arrived in London yesterday. | 她昨天到达了伦敦。 |
| What time does the train arrive at the station? | 火车什么时候到站？ |
43.直接引语-间接引语
他说：“我是笨蛋”
他说我是笨蛋 ❌️
他说他是笨蛋
主语一般现在，从句任意时态
He says, 'I am a fool' 直接引语
He says he is a fool 间接引语
主语一般过去，从句相应过去
| 从句原时态（直接引语） | 从句变后时态（间接引语） |
|---|---|
| 一般现在 | 一般过去取 |
| 现在完成 | 过去完成 |
| 一般过去 | 过去完成 |
| 一般将来 | 过去将来 |
| can | could |
| will | would |
| be going to | would |
| may | might |
He said, 'I am a fool.'
He said he was a fool.
He said,'I will go to Italy.'
He said he would go to Italy.
He said, 'I went to Italy.'
He said he had gone to Italy
44.in a ... voice 用...的声音
固定搭配，表示“以某种声音说话”
in a loud voice 大声地
in a soft voice 轻声地
in a weak voice 用微弱的声音
in a trembling voice 用颤抖的声音
She spoke in a sofe voice 她轻声说话
I said in a weak voice 我用微弱的声音说
45.fail to do sth.失败了去做某事
fail to obey it 失败了去遵守它（没能遵守它）
They fail to finish the work on time 他们没能按时完成工作
46.条件状语从句
状语从句：一个句子做状语，针对主句去表达描述性的信息
if条件状语从句
真实条件句
if一般现在，主句一般将来
if you don't hurry, you will miss the train
If he is out, I will call him tomorrow
If he is working, I won't disturb him
if一般将来，主句一般将来 是错误的，如果想用if表示用变将来，if必须用一般现在
If it will rain tomorrow, we will stay at home ❌️
If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home✅️
| if从句 | 主句 | |
|---|---|---|
| 假设过去 | 过去的各种时态 | 过去将来时 |
| 假设现在 | 现在的各种时态 | 一般将来时 |
| 假设将来 | 一般现在时 | 一般将来时 |
46let + 人 + 动词原形
let 表示“让、允许”，后面跟不带 to 的动词原形。
Let me help you.（让我帮你。）
She lets her son stay up late.（她让她儿子熬夜。）
He lets you go.（他让你走。）
47.fail to do sth. 没能做到...
cannot fail to do 不可能做不到 -> 一定能做到
48.pay for... 为...付钱
you can pay for my dinner 你可以付我的饭钱
pay for someone 替某人付钱
I'll pay for you 我会替你付钱
49.in spite of ... 尽管/不管...
固定短语 尽管... 后面可以跟名词、代词、或从句
In spite of the rain 尽管下雨
In spite of what you have said about her 不管你说他什么
50.as的几种用法
1、作为介词，它可以表示“作为”、“以...身份”等
In this film, he appeared as a policeman
在这部剧中，他出演，以一名警察的身份（他扮演一名警察）
As a mechanic, he can't always keep himself clean
作为一名机修工，他无法总保持身上干净
2、作为连词，他可以表示“因为”、“正当...时候”、”以...方式“、“如同...那样”
You must take care of the baby tomorrow as I am going to London
由于我要去伦敦，你明天必须照料这孩子 （因为，由于）
As we were talking about him, he kocked at the door
正当我们谈论他的时候，他敲门了 （正当...时候）
She cooked the dinner as her mother taught her
他按照母亲教他的方式做了晚餐 （以...方式）
51.have
实义动词：有 / 吃喝玩乐做
I have a book
She has a book
He had a surprise
have a meal have breakfast
have some water have fun
have a good time have a swim
表否定
I have a book I don't have a book
She has lunch She doesn't have lunch
He had a good time He didn't have a good time
助动词（完成时态中）
I have received a letter
She has bought a gift
He has left
表否定
I have not received a letter
She has not bought a gift
He had not left
52.hurry to sw. / rush to sw.匆忙去...
Why did she leave her phone?She must have herried to school 她为什么落下了手机，她当时一定匆忙的去了学校
in a hurry 这时 hurry是名词，处于匆忙的状态。I am in a hurry
53.It's a pity that...很遗憾...
It's a pity that we can't afford that 很遗憾 我们不能支付起那个
It's a pity that he didn't pay any attention 很遗憾他没有注意
It's a pity that he didn't reply to the letter 很遗憾他没有回复这封信
What a pity 真遗憾
54.good at... 擅长...
后面接名词或动名词（doing）
| 结构 | 示例 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| good at + 名词 | She is good at math. | 她擅长数学。 |
| good at + 动名词（doing） | He is good at swimming. | 他擅长游泳。 |
at是介词，所以后面如果接动词，必须用动名词(-ing)，不能用动词原型
否定和疑问形式
| 类型 | 示例 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 否定 | I am not good at singing. | 我不擅长唱歌。 |
| 疑问 | Are you good at cooking? | 你擅长做饭吗？ |
| 回答 | Yes, I am. / No, I'm not. | 是的 / 不是 |
55.动名词
动词变成名词
v. + ing = n.
| 动词n. | 名词v. |
|---|---|
| swim | swimming |
| dive跳高 | diving |
| ski滑雪 | skiing |
| skate滑冰 | skating |
动名词可以作 主语 宾语 表语 介词后
| 动名词 | 举例 |
|---|---|
| 动名词作主语 | Swimming is my favorite sport |
| 动名词作宾语 | I like swimming |
| 动名词作表语 | My favorite sport is swimming |
| 动名词在介词后 | I am interested in swimming |
他走出了餐馆，没有付账
He went out of the restaurant. He did not pay the bill
He went out of the restaurant without paying the bill playing是动名词 without是介词
她听到了这个消息后晕倒了
After she heard the news, she fainted.
After hearing the news, she fainted after这里不作连词而作介词，hearing是动名词
回答我的问题前仔细想想
Think carefully, Answer my question
Think carefully before answering my question before这里作介词
以上三个例子，主语需要一致
56.waste 浪费
作名词时
a waste of + n(名词)被浪费的东西 表示对...的浪费
a waste of time 浪费时间
a waste of money 浪费钱
These meetings are a waste of time 这些会议是在浪费时间
作动词时
| 结构 | 含义 | 示例 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|---|
| waste + 时间/金钱 | 浪费…… | Don't waste food. | 别浪费食物。 |
| waste + 时间/金钱 + on + 名词 | 把……浪费在……上（后面接“东西”） | He waste money on junk food | 他把钱浪费在垃圾食品上 |
| waste + 时间/金钱 + (in) doing | 把……浪费在……上（后面接“动作”） | waste time (in) playing games | 把时间浪费在打游戏上 |
She waste three hours 她浪费了三小时 *1
Why waste money on clothes you don't need *2
He wasted the whole day playing games 他把一整天浪费在打游戏上 *3
She wasted time in waiting for him 她把时间浪费在等他上 *3
You are wasting your time trying explain it to him 你试图跟他解释实在浪费时间 *3
作形容词
waste paper 废纸
waste water 废水
waste material 废料
57.be interested in...对...感兴趣
| 结构 | 示例 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| interested in + 名词/动名词 | 对……感兴趣 | 表示“某人对某事有兴趣” |
| interested in + 名词 | I'm interested in history. | 我对历史感兴趣。 |
| interested in + 动名词 (doing) | I'm interested in learning English. | 我对学英语感兴趣。 |
规则：in 是介词，后面如果接动词，必须用 动名词（-ing），不能用动词原形。
She is not interested in taking part in that new play
58.be keen on ... 对...非常感兴趣
| 结构 | 示例 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| be keen on + 名词/动名词 | 热衷于…… / 对……非常感兴趣 | 比 interested in 强，相当于“很喜欢、很着迷” |
| be keen on + 名词 | She's keen on music. | 她非常喜欢音乐。 |
| be keen on + 动名词 (doing) | He's keen on playing basketball. | 他热衷于打篮球。 |
59.went out of...走出...
He went out of the restaurant. out是副词，went是不及物，需要加of
他走出了餐馆
60.with without
with = 有 / 带着 / 用……
without = 没有 / 不带 / 不用……
| 用法 | with | without |
|---|---|---|
| 伴随（和……一起） | I went with her. | I went without her. |
| 携带（带有……） | a girl with red hair | a girl without red hair |
| 工具/方式（用……） | cut it with a knife | cut it without a knife |
| 条件（如果有/没有） | With your help, I can do it. | Without your help, I can't. |
| 反义（有 vs 无） | coffee with sugar | coffee without sugar |
with 的常见用法
| 用法 | 示例 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 和某人一起 | I live with my parents. | 我和父母住在一起。 |
| 带有某种特征 | a man with glasses | 一个戴眼镜的男人 |
| 用某种工具 | write with a pen | 用钢笔写字 |
| 表示伴随状态 | sleep with the window open | 开着窗睡觉 |
| 表示原因/条件 | With so much work, I'm tired. | 有这么多工作，我很累。 |
without 的常见用法
| 用法 | 示例 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 没有某人 | Don't go without me. | 别丢下我一个人去。 |
| 缺少某物 | I can't live without you. | 没有你我活不下去。 |
| 不用某物 | He left without saying goodbye. | 他没说再见就走了。 |
| 表示条件 | Without water, we can't survive. | 没有水，我们无法生存。 |
with 和 without后面接动词需要用动名词
61.even + 比较
用以加强比较
| 句子 | 含义 | 语气 |
|---|---|---|
| I am less lucky. | 我没那么幸运。 | 陈述事实 |
| I am even less lucky. | 我甚至更不幸运。 | 加强语气，强调“程度更深” |
62.instead of doing sth. 没有做某事
Instead of ... 可以理解为 | 适合场景 |
|---|---|
| “不是……，而是……” | 最通用，直接对比两件事 |
| “本应是……，结果却……” | 带一点意外/转折的语气 |
| “没有……，反而……” | 强调“事与愿违” |
Instead of replying to the letter, he visited us.他没有回那封信，而是来看我们了。
Instead of asking for a lift, she caught a bus.她没有请求搭便车，而是坐了公共汽车。
Instead of leaving a note, she wrote me an email. 她没有留便条，而是给我发了一封邮件。
63.give up doing sth 放弃做某事
They're already given up keeping order 他们已经放弃维持秩序
She must give up looking for a better job 她必须放弃寻找一个更好的工作
64.not even 的意思和用法
not even = “连……都不 / 甚至连……也没有”它用来强调 “最不可能 / 最简单 / 最基本的事情都没发生”，从而加强否定语气。
I never catch anything-not even old boots
64.worry sb. 使...担心/让...发愁
worry 有两种身份，意思不同，用法也不同：
| 词性 | 含义 | 结构 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 及物动词（本句用法） | 使……担心 / 让……发愁 | worry + 人 | This worries me. |
| 不及物动词（自己担心） | 担心 / 发愁 | worry about + 物/人 | I worry about you. |
65.afraid 害怕
| 结构 | 含义 | 示例 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|---|
| afraid of + 名词/动名词 | 害怕某物/害怕做某事 | I'm afraid of dogs. | 我怕狗。 |
| afraid to do | 害怕去做（因担心后果） | She's afraid to speak in public. | 她害怕在公众面前说话。 |
| afraid that + 句子 | 恐怕……（委婉语气） | I'm afraid that I can't come. | 恐怕我来不了了。 |
afraid of doing 和 afraid to do 的区别（重点）
这两者中文都翻译成“害怕做某事”，但侧重点不同：
| 结构 | 含义 | 侧重点 |
|---|---|---|
| afraid of doing | 害怕某事会发生（担心结果） | 担心“这件事本身” |
| afraid to do | 害怕去做（因后果不敢） | 担心“做这件事的后果” |
对比示例：
| 句子 | 含义 | 逻辑 |
|---|---|---|
| I'm afraid of falling off the bike. | 我怕会从自行车上摔下来。 | 担心“摔”这个结果发生 |
| I'm afraid to ride a bike. | 我不敢骑自行车。 | 因为怕摔，所以不敢骑 |
简单判断方法：
- 如果重点是“不敢做” → 用 afraid to do
- 如果重点是“担心会发生” → 用 afraid of doing
66.mad at/about
一、核心含义总览
| 含义 | 语气 | 常用结构 |
|---|---|---|
| 生气的 | 口语常用 | be mad at / about / with |
| 着迷的 / 狂热的 | 口语 | be mad about / for |
| 疯狂的 | 字面或夸张 | drive sb mad / go mad |
二、三种核心用法
| 用法 | 结构 | 含义 | 示例 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 生气 | be mad at + 人 | 生某人的气 | I'm mad at you. | 我在生你的气。 |
| 生气 | be mad about + 事 | 对某事生气 | She's mad about the delay. | 她对延误很生气。 |
| 着迷 | be mad about + 物/人 | 对……非常着迷 | He's mad about football. | 他对足球非常着迷。 |
| 着迷 | be mad for + 物/人 | 对……狂热（较旧式） | She's mad for him. | 她为他疯狂。 |
| 疯狂 | go mad | 发疯 / 气疯 | I'll go mad. | 我会疯掉的。 |
| 疯狂 | drive sb mad | 把某人逼疯 | You drive me mad. | 你把我逼疯了。 |
三、be mad at / about / with 的区别（最容易搞混）
| 结构 | 后面接什么 | 含义 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| be mad at | 人 | 生某人的气 | I'm mad at him. |
| be mad with | 人（较少用） | 生某人的气（英式） | She's mad with me. |
| be mad about | 事 / 物 / 人 | 对……生气 或 对……着迷 | 看语境决定 |
区分方法：
- 如果后面是“人” → 用 mad at（生气）
- 如果后面是“事” → 用 mad about（生气）
- 如果后面是“物/活动/人”且语气兴奋 → mad about（着迷）
四、短语和固定搭配
| 短语 | 含义 | 示例 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|---|
| go mad | 发疯 / 气疯 | I'll go mad if I wait any longer. | 再等下去我要疯了。 |
| drive sb mad | 把某人逼疯 | This noise is driving me mad. | 这噪音要把我逼疯了。 |
| mad about sth | 对……着迷 | She's mad about dancing. | 她对跳舞着迷。 |
| mad at sb | 生某人的气 | Don't be mad at me. | 别生我的气。 |
| mad with + 情绪 | 因……而发狂 | mad with grief / anger | 悲痛/愤怒得发狂 |
五、常用搭配对比表
| 搭配 | 含义 | 语气 |
|---|---|---|
| mad at + 人 | 生某人的气 | 口语常用 |
| mad about + 事 | 对某事生气 / 对某事物着迷 | 看语境 |
| mad about + 物/活动 | 对……着迷 | 积极、热情 |
| go mad | 发疯 | 口语夸张 |
| drive sb mad | 把某人逼疯 | 口语夸张 |
六、一句话记住
生人气，用
mad at； 生事气，用mad about；着迷、喜欢到疯，也用
mad about。靠语境判断
发疯用go mad，逼疯用drive sb mad。
67.be determined to do sth. 下定决心做某事
I am determined to succeed
determine 动词 决心
They determined to start early 他们下定决心开始早起，这里指过去式
68.dream of/about sb/sth 梦到某人/某事
dream about sb 梦见某人
I dreamed about you last night
dream of sth 梦见某事
She dreams of running her own business
have a dream 做了一个梦
dream of doing sth 梦想做某事
I dreamed of flying to New York a lot
She dreamed of taking part in the new play
never dream of... 从未想到会...
69.at one's age在某人的年纪 / the age of 在多少岁
at my age....在我的年纪
At your age, you could get angry easily 在你这个年纪，你可能很容易生气
At my father's age, he gets up very early在我父亲这个年纪，他起的会非常早
| 短语 | 含义 | 范围 |
|---|---|---|
| at the age of | 在……岁时 | 精确值（正好那个岁数） |
| over the age of | 超过……岁 | 大于（不包括本身） |
| under the age of | 未满……岁 | 小于（不包括本身） |
He left school at the age of 18
Children over the age of 12 must pay full
People over the age of 65 get a discount.
Children under the age of 12 travel free.
70.throw 抛
throw to 扔
throw at 砸
throw sth away 扔掉、丢弃、抛弃 某物
I don't need that - you can throw it away
That old chair should be thrown away
The book must have been thrown away
Instead of throwing away the old clothes, she gave them to the poor people
71.each other彼此
love each other 爱彼此
like each other 喜欢彼此
write to each other 写信给彼此
72.think of sth 想...
73.the only ...唯一的
the only modern house in the district 该地区唯一现代的房子
74.get a surprise 大吃一惊
75.manage to do 设法做成...
We manage to get to the airport in time
76.upset
upset 作形容词时，表示人的情绪状态，常用结构：
| 结构 | 含义 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| be upset | 感到难过/心烦 | She is upset. |
| be upset about + 名/doing | 为……而难过 | I'm upset about the result. |
| be upset over + 名/doing | 因……而心烦 | He was upset over losing his job. |
| be upset with + 人 | 对某人生气/不满 | She is upset with me. |
| get upset | 变得难过/生气（强调变化） | Don't get upset. |
例句：
| 句子 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| She looks upset. | 她看起来很沮丧。 |
| I'm upset about the delay. | 我为延误感到心烦。 |
| He is upset with his brother. | 他在生他哥哥的气。 |
77.complain about sth 抱怨某时
78.start to do sth. 开始做某事
He started to yell at the manager
They started to play jazz on the street
79.并列连词
1、and but or so
同一主语情况下，主语不必重复
He finished lunch and (he) went into the garden
2、both...and either...or neither...nor
both...and ...和...
连接主语
Both Leo and his girlfriend like to watch movies
Both my wife and I are going to Pairs
连接谓语
He can both sing and dance
连接宾语
I can speak both English and German
either...or 二选一，要么A 要么B
连接主语 动词are就近原则students
Either the teacher or the sutdents are wrong 老师还是学生们错了
连接谓语
When the girl is happy, she either sings or dances
连接宾语
I want either this red one or that green one
neither...nor 既不是a也不是b
连接主语 就近原则
Neither dad nor mum are at home today
连接谓语
When the boy is sad, he neither sings nor dances
连接谓语
I want neither this one nor that one
3.not only...but also 不仅...而且...
连接主语
Not only the doctor but also the patients don't know about it不仅医生，病人们也不知道这件事。
连接谓语
You must not only wash the dishes but sweep the floor as well = but also seep the floor你不仅必须洗碗，还必须扫地。
Shakespeare was not only a writer but also an actor 莎士比亚不仅是一个作家，而且还是一个演员
80.宾语从句
一、什么是宾语从句？
一个句子在另一个句子中充当宾语，就叫宾语从句。
| 简单句（代词作宾语） | 宾语从句（句子作宾语） |
|---|---|
| I love you. | I think that he is right. |
| 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 | 主语 + 谓语 + 连接词 + 陈述句 |
二、宾语从句的三要素
| 要素 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| 连接词 | that / if / whether / 特殊疑问词（what / who / where / when / why / how / which） |
| 语序 | 陈述句语序（主语 + 谓语） |
| 时态 | 主句时态决定从句时态 |
三、连接词的分类与用法
- that（陈述句）
that 无实义，只起连接作用，口语中常省略。
| 示例 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| I think that he is a teacher. | 我认为他是老师。 |
| She said that she would come. | 她说她会来。 |
- if / whether（一般疑问句，表示“是否”）
语序：疑问句 → 改为 陈述句语序
| 直接问句 | 宾语从句 |
|---|---|
| Is he a doctor? | I want to know if he is a doctor. |
| Will she come? | I wonder if she will come. |
| Have you seen it? | I want to know if you have seen it. |
只可用 whether 的情况：
| 情况 | 示例 |
|---|---|
后接 or not | I wonder whether he will come or not. |
后接 to do | I don't know whether to go. |
| 作介词宾语 | It depends on whether he agrees. |
- 特殊疑问词（what / who / where / when / why / how / which）
语序：特殊疑问句 → 改为 陈述句语序
| 直接问句 | 宾语从句 |
|---|---|
| Who is he? | I want to know who he is. |
| Where were you? | I want to know where you were. |
| When will he come? | I want to know when he will come. |
| What books have you read? | I want to know what books you have read. |
| Which car does he like? | I want to know which car he likes. |
四、时态规则
规则一：主句是一般现在时，从句根据需要使用任意时态
| 主句 | 从句 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| I think | 一般现在 | I think he is a teacher. |
| I think | 一般过去 | I think he went there. |
| I think | 现在完成 | I think she has left. |
| I think | 一般将来 | I think he will come. |
规则二：主句是一般过去时，从句改为相应的过去时态
| 直接引语（原句时态） | 间接引语（变为） | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在 | 一般过去 | "I am tired." → She said she was tired. |
| 一般过去 | 过去完成 | "I went home." → She said she had gone home. |
| 现在完成 | 过去完成 | "I have eaten." → She said she had eaten. |
| 一般将来 | 过去将来 | "I will come." → She said she would come. |
| 现在进行 | 过去进行 | "I am reading." → She said she was reading. |
规则三：情态动词的变化
| 直接引语 | 间接引语 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| can | could | "I can swim." → He said he could swim. |
| will | would | "I will go." → He said he would go. |
| may | might | "I may come." → He said he might come. |
| be going to | was/were going to / would | "I am going to call." → He said he was going to call. |
五、否定前移
主句动词为 think / believe / suppose / expect 等表示“观点”的动词时，否定移到主句。
| 错误 ❌ | 正确 ✅ | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| I think you are not right. | I don't think you are right. | 我认为你不对。 |
| I believe he will not come. | I don't believe he will come. | 我相信他不会来。 |
特例：know 表示“知道”（事实），否定不前移。
| 句子 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| I know you are not right. | 我知道你不对。 |
| I don't know you are right. | 我不知道你是对的。 |
六、识别方法
| 模式 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| 及物动词 + 连接词 + 句子 | I think that he is right. |
| 及物动词 + sb. + 连接词 + 句子 | Tell me that you are ready. |
七、完整速查表
| 项目 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 定义 | 句子作宾语 |
| 连接词 | that / if / whether / wh-词 |
| 语序 | 陈述句语序（主语在前） |
| 主句现在时 | 从句任意时态 |
| 主句过去时 | 从句相应过去时态 |
| 情态动词变化 | can→could, will→would, may→might |
| 否定前移 | think / believe / suppose 等 + 否定移到主句 |
| 识别方法 | 及物动词 + 连接词 + 句子 |
八、核心口诀
宾语从句三要素：连接词、语序、时态。
语序永远是陈述句。
主句现在，从句随便；主句过去，从句跟着变。
想表达“是否”用 if / whether；想表达“什么/谁/哪里”用 wh- 词。
think / believe 否定往前移。
81.in the same way that... 就像...一样
in the same way that... = “就像……一样”、“以同样的方式……”
| 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| I love my dog in the same way that I love my family. | 我爱我的狗，就像我爱我的家人一样。 |
| She talks to me in the same way that she talks to her friends. | 她和我说话，就像她和朋友说话一样。 |
| He drives in the same way that his dad drives. | 他开车的方式，和他爸爸一样。 |
| I make tea in the same way that my mom makes it. | 我泡茶的方式，和我妈妈一样。 |
| We learn English in the same way that we learn our mother tongue. | 我们学英语，就像我们学母语一样。 |
| She wears her hair in the same way that her sister does. | 她扎头发的方式，和她姐姐一样。 |
82.put
put up sth 搭建，建起..
put out 扑灭
put on 穿上 I put on my coat
put up with sb 容忍某人
put sth off 推迟
83.begin to do / begin doiing 开始做某事
began to rain / gegan shouting
84.creep into...爬进...
crept into their tent 爬进他们的帐篷
85.leap out of...跳出...
they leapt out of the tent 他们跳出了帐篷
86.wind one's way蜿蜒前行
wind it's way 以蜿蜒的方式前行
87.have trouble with sth. 在……方面有困难
have trouble with + 名词/代词
= 在某事/某物上有麻烦、有困难
中文翻译：在……方面有困难 / ……有问题
| 结构 | 示例 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| have trouble with + 物 | I have trouble with math. | 我数学有问题。 |
| have trouble with + 人 | She has trouble with her boss. | 她和老板有矛盾。 |
| have trouble with + 机器/设备 | He has trouble with his computer. | 他的电脑出问题了。 |
| have trouble with + 身体部位 | I have trouble with my back. | 我背不舒服。 |
注意：with 后面接名词或代词，不接动词。
have trouble doing 做某事有困难
| 结构 | 含义 | 后接什么 |
|---|---|---|
| have trouble with + 名词 | 在某方面有麻烦 | 名词 |
| have trouble doing | 做某事有困难 | 动名词（-ing） |
对比示例：
| 句子 | 中文 | 结构 |
|---|---|---|
| I have trouble with English. | 我英语有问题。 | with + 名词 |
| I have trouble speaking English. | 我说英语有困难。 | doing（动名词） |
| She has trouble with her computer. | 她的电脑出问题了。 | with + 名词 |
| She has trouble using her computer. | 她用电脑有困难。 | doing（动名词） |
一句话区分：
with+ 名词 → 具体“什么东西”出问题了doing→ 做这个动作本身“有困难”
88.定语从句
先行词 + 关系词 + 陈述句
| 先行词 | 被修饰的词（关系代词） |
|---|---|
| 人 | who / whom(过时)/that(通用) |
| 物/事 | which/that(通用) |
| 人/物 某人的/某物的 | whose |
| 时间 | when |
| 地点 | where |
| 原因 | why |
先行词做主语用who，先行词做宾语用whom
定语从句的关系词每一个都作成分，包括that
关系词在定语从句中作宾语时，可以省略（只针对人或事物）
I have a class which/that begins at 8:00 am 事物选择which/that ，由于作主语不能省略
The lawyer whome my brother called didn't answer the phone whoe作宾语，可以省略
My daughter asked me a question which I couldn't answer which作宾语，可以省略
Leo is the student whose bike was stolen 某人的，非人或事物不能省略
I lost the book which/that I borrowed from the library last week which/that 可以省略
The women (who/that/whome)I saw in the park was feeding pigeons
I cannot remember the day when we met last time 我记不起上一次我们是什么时候碰面的
89.be able to 能够...
he has not been able to get his own car into his garage
90.believe in... 相信...
I believe in ancient myths 我相信古神话
91.turn...to...把...变成...
tuen cars to stone把车变成石头
92.分词作定语
一、什么是分词作定语？
分词作定语 = 用一个“动词变来的形容词”修饰名词，说明这个名词“正在做什么”或“被怎么样了”。
| 简单形容词 | 分词作定语 |
|---|---|
| a red flower（红色的花） | a falling flower（正在掉落的花） |
| a big tree（大树） | a fallen tree（倒下的树） |
分词作定语，本质上就是把动词变成形容词来用。你不需要背“分词”这个概念，只需要记住：
-ing和-ed是动词的两种“形容词变身法”。
二、核心区别：-ing 和 -ed 到底怎么选？
一个词就够了：看这个名词是“主动做”还是“被动承受”。
| 分词形式 | 含义 | 名词的角色 |
|---|---|---|
| -ing（现在分词） | “正在……的” / “令人……的” | 名词是动作的发出者（主动） |
| -ed（过去分词） | “被……的” / “已经……的” | 名词是动作的承受者（被动） |
用中文感受一下：
- falling snow = 正在飘落的雪（雪自己在落 → 主动 → -ing）
- fallen leaves = 落下来的叶子（叶子已经落了 → 完成 → -ed）
- boiling water = 正在沸腾的水（水自己在沸 → 主动 → -ing）
- boiled water = 烧开过的水（水被烧开过 → 被动/完成 → -ed）
三、两条黄金法则
法则一：主动用 -ing，被动用 -ed
| 动作发出者 | 用 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 名词主动发出动作 | -ing | a barking dog（一只正在叫的狗） |
| 名词被动承受动作 | -ed | a broken window（一扇被打碎的窗户） |
法则二：进行用 -ing，完成用 -ed
| 动作状态 | 用 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 动作正在发生 | -ing | rising sun（正在升起的太阳） |
| 动作已经完成 | -ed | fallen leaves（已经落下的叶子） |
四、单个分词 vs 分词短语（位置规律）
| 类型 | 位置 | 示例 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 单个分词 | 放名词前面 | a sleeping baby | 一个正在睡觉的婴儿 |
| 分词短语 | 放名词后面 | a baby sleeping in the room | 一个在房间里睡觉的婴儿 |
为什么会这样？
- 单个分词很短，放前面不碍事。
- 分词短语很长，放后面更自然。
五、分词短语 = 定语从句的省略版
分词短语作定语，本质上就是定语从句的简化：
| 定语从句 | 分词短语 | 怎么省略的 |
|---|---|---|
| The man who is standing there is my uncle. | The man standing there is my uncle. | 删 who is |
| The book which was written by Lu Xun is famous. | The book written by Lu Xun is famous. | 删 which was |
| The snow which is falling outside is heavy. | The snow falling outside is heavy. | 删 which is |
规律：
- 从句是主动时 → 删
who/which + be，保留 -ing - 从句是被动时 → 删
who/which + be，保留 -ed
六、一张图看懂所有规律
| 动词原形 | -ing 形式 | -ed 形式 |
|---|---|---|
| fall（落） | falling snow（正在飘落的雪） | fallen leaves（已落的叶子） |
| boil（沸腾） | boiling water（正在沸腾的水） | boiled water（烧开过的水） |
| develop（发展） | developing countries（发展中国家） | developed countries（发达国家） |
| excite（使激动） | exciting news（令人激动的消息） | excited people（感到激动的人） |
| break（打破） | —（不常用） | a broken cup（破碎的杯子） |
| crowd（拥挤） | —（不常用） | a crowded room（拥挤的房间） |
七、课文中的实际例子
| 课文原句 | 分词 | 修饰谁 | 为什么用这个形式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| a small Swiss aeroplane called a ‘Pilatus Porter’ | called | aeroplane | 飞机被叫作……（被动 → -ed） |
| on a ploughed field | ploughed | field | 田地被耕过了（被动/完成 → -ed） |
| a deserted car park | deserted | car park | 停车场被废弃了（被动/完成 → -ed） |
八、一句话记住
动词想当形容词，-ing / -ed 来帮忙。
-ing 表主动，名词自己干；
-ed 表被动，名词被干完。单独放前面，短语放后面；
定语从句想简化，删 who/which 加 be，-ing / -ed 留中间。
93.表语从句
一个句子作表语，在be动词后
写法：同宾语从句
The question is when he will arrive here
94.fly to
| 结构 | 词性 | 示例 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|---|
| fly + 人 + to + 地点 | 及物 | I flew her to Beijing. | 我载她飞往北京。 |
| fly to + 地点 | 不及物 | I flew to Beijing. | 我飞往北京。 |
| fly + 飞机 | 及物 | I fly a plane. | 我驾驶飞机。 |
95.Once..., and on another occasion, ...一次……另一次……
96.called out to 对...大声叫喊
some people on the bank called out to the man in the boat
97.sight 眼界、视域
与 in / out of 搭配（表示是否能看见）
| 短语 | 含义 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| in sight | 在视野内，看得见 | There was no one in sight. |
| out of sight | 在视野外，看不见 | The ship was out of sight. |
| catch sight of | 看见（短暂地瞥见） | I caught sight of her in the crowd. |
| lose sight of | 看不见了 | I lost sight of him in the dark. |
98.结果状语从句
抽象概念具象化 / 强调原因
The wind was very strong
The wind was so strong that we could harly move forward
so + adj./adv. + that
such + n./NP + that
一、什么是结果状语从句？
结果状语从句 = 表示“因为前面的事，导致了什么结果”。
回答的是：“所以呢？然后呢？”
| 主句（原因/条件） | 结果状语从句 |
|---|---|
| The ball struck him so hard | that he nearly fell into the water. |
| “球打中了他，力量很大” | “他差点掉进水里” |
二、核心结构（3种常用）
- so + 形容词/副词 + that
“如此……以至于……”
| 结构 | 示例 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| so + 形容词 + that | The box is so heavy that I can't carry it. | 这个箱子重得我搬不动。 |
| so + 副词 + that | He ran so fast that nobody could catch him. | 他跑得没人能追上。 |
| so + 形容词 + that（课文原句） | The ball struck him so hard that he nearly fell into the water. | 球打中了他，力量很大，他差点掉进水里。 |
- such + 名词短语 + that
“如此……以至于……”（强调“什么样的人/物”）
| 结构 | 示例 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| such + a/an + 形容词 + 单数名词 + that | She is such a kind person that everyone likes her. | 她是一个这么善良的人，大家都喜欢她。 |
| such + 形容词 + 复数名词 + that | They are such beautiful flowers that I want to buy them. | 它们是这么美的花，我想买下来。 |
| such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that | It is such good weather that we can go out. | 天气这么好，我们可以出去。 |
- so many / so much + 名词 + that
“如此多……以至于……”
| 结构 | 示例 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| so many + 复数名词 + that | There were so many people that we couldn't get in. | 有这么多人，我们进不去。 |
| so much + 不可数名词 + that | I had so much work that I stayed up all night. | 我有这么多工作，熬了一整夜。 |
三、so...that 和 such...that 的区别
| 对比 | so...that | such...that |
|---|---|---|
| 后面跟什么 | 形容词 / 副词 | 名词短语 |
| 判断方法 | 后面是描述程度的词 | 后面是描述人或物的词 |
| 示例 | so hard that... | such a kind person that... |
| 示例 | so fast that... | such beautiful flowers that... |
规律：
so后面跟着“怎么样的”such后面跟着“什么样的什么”
四、简化版判断口诀
so 后接形/副，such 后接名词。
有
a/an+ 形 + 名 → 用such（such a kind person）
只有形，没有名 → 用so（so kind）
五、全文总结表
| 结构 | 用法 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| so + 形/副 + that | 修饰程度 | so hard that... |
| such + 名词短语 + that | 修饰人/物 | such a kind person that... |
| so many/much + 名词 + that | 修饰数量 | so many people that... |
99.retire from sth. 退休
She retired from teaching.她从教学岗位上退休了。
100.business company firm公司
business 小公司
company 全
firm 服务
101.uni bi tri 一二三
unicycle 独轮车
bicycle 自行车
tricycle 三轮车
102.save for sth 攒钱买...
I'm saving for a new bike
103.be enployed in doing sth
正忙于做某事 / 从事于……
表示某人把时间花在某件事上，相当于“忙着做……”
in 是介词，后面必须接动名词（-ing），不接动词原形。
| She is employed in writing a novel. | 她正忙于写一本小说。 |
|---|---|
| He was employed in painting the house. | 他正忙于给房子刷漆。 |
employed 在这里已经不是“雇佣”的意思了，而是“投入/忙碌”的意思。它已经被固化成了一个状态词，像 busy 一样，失去了被动含义。
104.used to + 动词原型 过去常常做某事（但现在不做了）
强调今昔对比：过去是那样，现在已经不是了。
例句
| 句子 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| I used to live in London. | 我过去住在伦敦。（现在不在了） |
| She used to be very shy. | 她过去很害羞。（现在不了） |
| He used to smoke, but he quit. | 他过去抽烟，但戒了。 |
否定形式
| 形式 | 示例 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| didn't use to | I didn't use to like coffee. | 我过去不喜欢咖啡。（现在喜欢） |
| used not to（正式） | He used not to go out at night. | 他过去晚上不出去。 |
疑问形式
| 形式 | 示例 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| Did + 主语 + use to...? | Did you use to play the piano? | 你过去弹钢琴吗？ |
| Used + 主语 + to...?（正式） | Used she to be a teacher? | 她过去是老师吗？ |
和 be used to 的区别（最容易混淆）
| 结构 | 含义 | 后接 |
|---|---|---|
| used to do | 过去常常做（现在不做了） | 动词原形 |
| be used to doing | 习惯于做…… | 动名词（-ing） |
| be used to do | 被用来做…… | 动词原形（被动） |
对比例句
| 句子 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| I used to get up early. | 我过去早起。（现在不早起了） |
| I am used to getting up early. | 我习惯早起了。（现在习惯了） |
| This knife is used to cut bread. | 这把刀被用来切面包。 |
105.in sb's twenties
在某人二十多岁的时候
106temptation n.诱惑
can't resist the temptation to do 不能抵挡诱惑去做某事
They couldn't resist the temp tation to have the apple 他们忍不住诱惑吃了苹果
I couldn't resist the temptation to open the present 我抵不住诱惑打开了礼物
tempt v诱惑
tempt sb into doing sth. 诱惑某人做某事
107.wrap sth up 把...包起来
wrap it up! 闭嘴；别说了
zip it 闭嘴
shut up闭嘴
108.arrest“逮捕、拘捕”（动词/名词）
动词用法
- 基本结构
arrest + 人 = “逮捕某人”
| 例句 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| The police arrested the thief. | 警察逮捕了那个小偷。 |
| She was arrested for stealing. | 她因偷窃被捕了。 |
- 被动语态（非常常用）
be arrested = “被捕”
| 例句 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| He was arrested yesterday. | 他昨天被捕了。 |
| The man was arrested by the police. | 那个人被警察逮捕了。 |
- 常见搭配
| 搭配 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| arrest + 人 | 逮捕某人 | The police arrested him. |
| be arrested for + 罪名 | 因……被捕 | She was arrested for theft. |
| be arrested on + 指控 | 因……被捕（正式） | He was arrested on charges of fraud. |
名词用法
| 结构 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| make an arrest | 实施逮捕 | The police made several arrests. |
| under arrest | 被捕、在押 | He is under arrest. |
| place sb under arrest | 逮捕某人 | The officer placed him under arrest. |
109.比较状语从句
I am tired
A dos is tired
I am as tired as a dog 我累得和狗一样
I am dog-tired
as + adj./adv. +as 和...一样
他跳的和女孩一样好
He dances beautifully
The girls dance beautifully
He dances as beautifully as the girls
你和十年前一样美
You are pretty
You were pretty 10 years ago
You are as pretty as you were 10 years ago
A is as ... as B A和B一样...
Mr.Wu is as cool as Mr.Wang
This watch is as expensive as the car 这块手表He那辆汽车一样贵
This book is as interesting as that movie这本书和那部电影一样有趣
A is not as ... as B A不及B...
My car is not as new as your car 我的车不及你的心
A is not as happy as B A不及B开心
A is not as cool as B A不及B帅
A is not as interesting as B A不及B有趣
She is not as fat as before 她不像以前那样胖
She is not as young as before 她不像以前那样年轻
110.It is easy for sb. to do sth.对某人来说做某事是容易的。
| 句子 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| It is easy for me to learn English. | 对我来说学英语是容易的。 |
| It is easy for her to solve this problem. | 对她来说解决这个问题是容易的。 |
| It is easy for children to learn new things. | 对孩子来说学新东西是容易的。 |
| It is easy for you to say that. | 对你来说说那个是容易的。 |
和其他结构的对比
| 结构 | 含义 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| It is easy for sb. to do. | 对某人来说做某事容易 | 强调“对谁来说” |
| It is easy to do. | 做某事容易 | 不强调对象 |
| Sb. is easy to do. | 某人容易做…… | 主语是人（较少用） |
111.hand sth to sb 把某物递给某人
结构拆解
| 动词 | 直接宾语（物） | 介词 | 间接宾语（人） |
|---|---|---|---|
| hand | sth | to | sb |
等价结构
hand sb sth
| 结构 | 示例 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| hand sth to sb | She handed the book to me. | 她把书递给我。 |
| hand sb sth | She handed me the book. | 她把书递给我。 |
两种结构意思完全相同，hand sb sth 更简洁、更常用。
例句
| 句子 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| Please hand this letter to your teacher. | 请把这封信递给你的老师。 |
| She handed me a cup of tea. | 她递给我一杯茶。 |
| He handed his ID card to the guard. | 他把身份证递给保安。 |
| Hand it to me. | 把它递给我。 |
112. v. + as quickly as possible尽可能快地
- We must wrap these presents up as quickly as possible.
- They have put up the tent as quickly as possible.
- Please park your car as quickly as possible.
113.explain sth to sb向某人解释某事
It was difficult to explain the problem to beginners
114.介词
时间 at on in
| 介词 | 核心含义 | 时间范围 |
|---|---|---|
| at | 一个精确的时间点 | 最小（时刻） |
| on | 一个具体的某一天 | 中等（日期/星期） |
| in | 一个模糊的时间段 | 最大（月/年/季节） |
at —— 具体时间点
| 用法 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| 钟点 | at 7 o'clock / at 8:30 |
| 固定时间点 | at noon / at midnight / at dawn |
| 固定搭配 | at night（注意不是 in） |
| 特定时刻 | at the moment / at the same time |
on —— 具体某一天 / 某一天的某时段
| 用法 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| 星期几 | on Monday / on Tuesday |
| 日期 | on May 1st / on June 5th |
| 节日（具体某天） | on Christmas Day / on my birthday |
| 某一天的上午/下午/晚上 | on Monday morning / on the afternoon of June 5th |
in —— 模糊时间段（较长）
| 用法 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| 年份 | in 2020 / in 1999 |
| 月份 | in June / in January |
| 季节 | in spring / in summer |
| 一天中的时段（不具体哪天） | in the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening |
| 再过一段时间后 | in 20 minutes |
to —— 朝、向、往
表示“朝着某个方向或目的地移动”
| 用法 | 示例 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 去某地 | go to school | 去学校 |
| 飞往 | fly to Beijing | 飞往北京 |
| 走向 | walk to the door | 走向门 |
| 方向 | turn to the right | 向右转 |
| 递给 | hand it to me | 递给我 |
| 对着 | speak to him | 对他说话 |
from —— 从……起 / 从……来
表示“起点、来源、出发点”
| 用法 | 示例 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 来自某地 | come from China | 来自中国 |
| 从某时起 | from Monday | 从周一开始 |
| 从某处出发 | start from here | 从这里开始 |
| 从某人那里 | get a gift from him | 从他那里得到礼物 |
| 离开某处 | leave from the station | 从车站出发 |
| 搭配 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| from A to B | 从A到B |
| go from here to there | 从这儿到那儿 |
| travel from London to Paris | 从伦敦到巴黎 |
for ——去往目的地
| 介词 | 强调 | 动作类型 |
|---|---|---|
| for | 强调“朝着某个最终目的地出发” | 多为“启程、动身”类动词 |
| to | 强调“实际到达某个具体地点” | 多为“移动、位移”类动词 |
对比
| 用 for | 用 to |
|---|---|
| sail for（扬帆前往） | sail to（驶向） |
| set out for（动身前往） | go to（去） |
| start for（出发去） | come to（来到） |
| leave for（动身去） | move to（搬到） |
| make for（走向） | run to（跑向） |
| return to（回到） | |
| fly to（飞往） | |
| walk to（走向） | |
| drive to（开车去） | |
| ride to（骑车/骑马去） |
into 进入 某个空间
out of 从某个空间出来
115.happen to + 人/物 发生在……身上
| 句子 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| What happened to you? | 你怎么了？ |
| A strange thing happened to me. | 一件奇怪的事发生在我身上。 |
| What happened to your car? | 你的车怎么了？ |
| The accident happened to him. | 那场事故发生在他身上。 |
| I hope nothing bad happens to her. | 我希望没有坏事发生在她身上。 |
116.be caught in
核心含义
“突然遇上……（天气/困境）”
表示“意外地陷入”某种不好的情况，通常指天气或麻烦。
例句
| 句子 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| We were caught in a heavy rain. | 我们遇上了一场大雨。 |
| I was caught in a traffic jam. | 我遇上了交通堵塞。 |
| She was caught in a storm. | 她遇上了暴风雨。 |
| He was caught in the middle of the argument. | 他被卷入了那场争论中。 |
常见搭配
| 搭配 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| be caught in the rain | 遇到雨 |
| be caught in a storm | 遇到暴风雨 |
| be caught in a traffic jam | 遇到堵车 |
| be caught in a fire | 遇到火灾 |
| be caught in a crowd | 卷入人群 |
117.regret doing sth / regret to do sth
| 结构 | 含义 | 时间方向 |
|---|---|---|
| regret + doing | 后悔做过某事 | 过去（已经做了） |
| regret + to do | 遗憾地要做某事 | 将来（还没做） |
| regret + that 从句 | 后悔/遗憾…… | 看语境 |
| regret + 代词/名词 | 事情/事物（不是动作） | I regret it. / I regret the decision. |
对比（最重要的部分）
| 结构 | 含义 | 例句 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|---|
| regret + doing | 后悔做过 | I regret telling him the secret. | 我后悔告诉了他秘密。（已经告诉了） |
| regret + to do | 遗憾地要做 | I regret to tell you the bad news. | 我遗憾地告诉你这个坏消息。（还没说，准备说） |
更多例句
regret doing（后悔做过）
| 句子 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| She regretted leaving early. | 她后悔早走了。 |
| I regret buying this car. | 我后悔买了这辆车。 |
| He regretted not studying harder. | 他后悔没有更努力学习。 |
2. regret to do（遗憾地要做）
| 句子 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| I regret to inform you that... | 我遗憾地通知你…… |
| She regretted to say goodbye. | 她遗憾地说再见。 |
118.感官动词
感官动词 + do/doing
see sb do 看到某人做了某事（完成）
see sb doing 看到某人正在做某事（正在进行）
sb be seen to do 被动语态
一、什么是感官动词？
感官动词 = 描述“看、听、感觉、闻、尝”等感官体验的动词。
二、常见感官动词
| 感官 | 动词 |
|---|---|
| 看 | see / watch / look at / notice / observe |
| 听 | hear / listen to |
| 感觉 | feel |
| 闻 | smell |
| 尝 | taste |
三、核心结构（主动语态）
感官动词后面可以接两种形式，意思不同：
| 结构 | 含义 | 侧重点 |
|---|---|---|
| 感官动词 + 宾语 + 动词原形（do） | 看见/听见某人做了某事 | 全过程（动作从开始到结束） |
| 感官动词 + 宾语 + 现在分词（doing） | 看见/听见某人正在做某事 | 部分过程（动作正在进行中） |
四、对比示例
| 句子 | 含义 | 强调 |
|---|---|---|
| I saw him cross the street. | 我看见他过了马路。 | 看到全过程（从这边到那边） |
| I saw him crossing the street. | 我看见他正在过马路。 | 看到他在过马路的过程中 |
| I heard her sing a song. | 我听见她唱了一首歌。 | 听到整首歌 |
| I heard her singing a song. | 我听见她正在唱歌。 | 听到她在唱歌（片段） |
| I watched him play football. | 我看见他踢了足球。 | 看到整场比赛/全过程 |
| I watched him playing football. | 我看见他正在踢足球。 | 看到他在踢球的过程中 |
五、主动语态中不加 to
| 正确 ✅ | 错误 ❌ |
|---|---|
| I saw him go out. | I saw him to go out. |
| I heard her say it. | I heard her to say it. |
| I watched him play football. | I watched him to play football. |
规则：感官动词主动语态中，后面永远不加 to。
六、被动语态中必须加 to
感官动词在主动语态中不加 to，但在被动语态中必须加 to。
| 语态 | 结构 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 主动 | see + 人 + 动词原形 | I saw him go out. |
| 被动 | be seen + to do | He was seen to go out. |
| 主动 | hear + 人 + 动词原形 | I heard her sing. |
| 被动 | be heard + to do | She was heard to sing. |
七、被动语态对比（注意：不加 to 是错的）
| 被动句子 | 是否正确 |
|---|---|
| He was seen to go out. | ✅ 正确（必须加 to） |
| He was seen go out. | ❌ 错误（被动缺少 to） |
| She was heard to sing a song. | ✅ 正确 |
| She was heard sing a song. | ❌ 错误 |
| They were watched to play football. | ✅ 正确 |
| They were watched play football. | ❌ 错误 |
八、完整速查表
| 感官动词 | 主动（+ 宾语 + do） | 主动（+ 宾语 + doing） | 被动（+ to do） |
|---|---|---|---|
| see | see sb do | see sb doing | be seen to do |
| watch | watch sb do | watch sb doing | be watched to do |
| hear | hear sb do | hear sb doing | be heard to do |
| feel | feel sb do | feel sb doing | be felt to do |
| notice | notice sb do | notice sb doing | be noticed to do |
单词扩展
attention 注意
pay attention to sb./sh. 注意（付出注意）
We pay attention to the new words 我们注意这些新的单词
They did not pay any attention 他们没有注意
May I have your attention, please? 请大家注意一下/请注意听我说（我可以拥有你的注意吗）
attention 注意
Attention, please. 请注意
attract one's attention 吸引某人的注意
catch one's attention 吸引某人的注意（抓住）
draw one‘s attention 吸引某人的注意（牵引/拉回来）
until 直到
until lunchtime 直到午饭时间
until now 直到现在
until recently 直到最近
until the last moment 直到最后一刻
send v.寄、送
send a card / a message / aletter
send me a card = send a card to me
send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb.
spoil damage v.损坏
不是真正的损坏，而是精神层面的损坏
Postcard always spoil my holidays
damage 损坏，可以修复的损坏
destroy 彻底损坏(大范围，瞬间，猛烈的坏了)
ruin 彻底损坏(一点点损坏)
public adj.公共的
public gardens / schools / opinions
n. 公众，大众
The museum is open to the public on Sundays
lend v.借给
lend sb. sth. = lend sth. to sb
lend me a book = lend a book to me
lend 借出 / borrow 借入
teach v.教
teach sb. sth. = teach sth. to sb.
receive v.接收，收到
receive 接收，收到
accept v.接受
I received an invitation, but I didn't accept it 我收到了一封请柬，我不想接受它
message n.信息
urgent messages 紧急消息
short messages 短信
send / receive / get / leave + a message
发送 收到 收到 留下 一个 消息
distance n.距离
distant adj.遥远的 ce变t
| difference n.不同，差异 | different adj.不同的 |
|---|---|
| importance n.重要 | important adj.重要的 |
| confidentce n.信心 | confident adj.有信心的 |
| convenience n.方便 | convenien adj.方便的 |
hand 指针、传递、手
n.（表或机器的）指针
minute hand
hour hand
second hand
v. 传递 hand sth. to sb.
refuse v.拒绝
refuse sb. / sth 拒绝某人/某事
refuse to do sth. 拒绝做某事
refuse to welcome the New Year
笑
laugh 大小
smile 微笑
turn 行为、旋转、变得
n. 行为、举止
n. 轮流的机会 my turn had come
v. 旋转 turn left/right/round
v. 变得 Her face turned red
luck 运气、幸运
good luck 好运气
bad luck 坏运气
meet 遇见、迎接...
遇见、遇到
Where did you meet Joe?
We met at a restaurant
和......会面，迎接
Most of the young people in the town will be meeting them at the station
Who will be meeting you when you arrive in London?
和...相识 / 见面
I'd like to meet your brother 我想认识你兄弟
Very pleased to meet you 认识您非常高兴
present n. 现在/礼物
lift n. 搭便车
ask (sb.) for a lift
reply v. 回答
reply to sb./sth.
answer sb./sth.
catch v.抓住
我们的猫不擅长抓老鼠
Our cat is not good at catching mice
这个人没被抓到
The man is not caught
reason n.原因
For some reason 由于某种原因
for no reason 毫无原有的/无缘无故
for personal reasons 出于私人原因
rock 岩石、可信赖的人，靠山
He is my rock 她是我的靠山
struggle v 挣扎、斗争、抗争、奋斗
既是移动、行进 又是困难
Paul struggled out of his wheelchair 保罗挣扎着下了轮椅
I struggled up the hill with the heavy bags
struggle against sb/sth 同某人/某事做斗争
He struggled against cancer for two yeats 他同癌症作斗争两年了
量词
a parcel of... 一包....
a parcel of diamonds
a valuable parcel of diamonds
a group of... 一组...
a group of people 一组人
a group of pop singer 一组流行歌手
a sum of... 一笔...
a large sum of money 一大笔钱
短语
| 短语 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| got angry | 变得生气 |
| turn round = turn around | 转身 |
| none of your business. | 不关你的事 |
| pay any attention | 在意/注意 |
| a great number of...+可数复数 | 许多，大量 |
| a large number of...+可数复数 | 许多，大量 |
| a great many = many +可数名词复数 | |
| a great deal of...+不可数 | |
| a great number of different places in Australia | |
| up to now | 截止到现在 |
| in this way | 用这种方法 |
| in the way | 挡路了 |
| on the way（to school） | 去...的路上 |
| by the way | 顺便说一句 |
| in a way | 从某种程度上来说 |
| To one's surprise | 令...惊奇的是 |
| every time | 每次 |
| a large crowd of people | 一大群人 |
| In spite of this | 尽管这样 |
| despite = In spite of | |
| come into use | 投入使用 |
| no wonder | 怪不得/难怪 |
| believe in | 相信……的存在 |
| ever since | 自从 |
| have trouble with | 在……方面有麻烦 |
| because of | 因为 |
| be able to | 能够 |
| put up | 张贴 |
| have effect | 有效果 |
| turn...to stone | 把……变成石头 |
| one of + 最高级 + 复数名词 | 最……之一 |
| none of | ……中没有一个 |
| since then | 自从那时 现在完成 |
不规则变化的动词
| 原型 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在进行 |
|---|---|---|---|
| go | went | gone | |
| have | had | had | |
| do | did | done | |
| be | was/were | been | |
| sit | sat | sat | sitting |
| get | got | got/gotten | getting |
| pay | paid | paid | |
| bear | bore | borne | |
| say | said | said | |
| ring | rang | rung | |
| sing | sang | sung | |
| drink | drang | drunk | |
| swim | swam | swum | |
| begin | began | begun | |
| think | thought | thought | |
| come | came | come | coming |
| send | sent | sent | |
| lend | lent | lent | |
| understand | understood | understood | |
| spoil | spoiled | spoiled | |
| spoil | spoilt | spoilt | |
| teach | taught | taught | |
| read | read | read | |
| make | made | made | making |
| buy | bought | bought | |
| spend | spent | spent | |
| write | wrote | written | writing |
| find | found | found | |
| stand | stood | stood | |
| give | gave | given | |
| eat | ate | eaten | |
| put | put | put | |
| tell | told | told | |
| know | knew | known | |
| try | tried | tried | trying |
| steal | stole | stolen | |
| take | took | taken | taking |
| keep | kept | kept | |
| win | won | won | winning |
| grow | grew | grown | |
| build | built | built | |
| strike | struck | struck | |
| break | broke | broken | |
| meet | met | met | |
| set | set | set | setting |
| leave | left | left | leaving |
| drive | drove | driven | driving |
| speak | spoke | spoken | |
| learn | learned | learned | |
| learnt | learnt | ||
| feel | felt | felt | |
| let | let | let | letting |
| catch | caught | caught | |
| run | ran | run | running |
| steal | stole | stolen | |
| throw | threw | thrown | |
| hang | hung | hung | |
| wind | wound | wound | |
| wake | woke/waked | woken/woked/woke | |
| leap | leapt | leapt | |
| wind | wound | wound | |
| fly | flew | flown | |
| fall跌倒 | fell | fellen | |
| strike击、撞 | struck | struck/stricken | |
介词
介词of / from / in / on
of
dream / think想 / beware小心 / despair对...绝望 / approve同意 of doing / get rid 摆脱 / consist由...组成 / hear 听说过... / smell 闻 + of
accuse 指责 / suspect 怀疑 / assure 保证 / cure 治疗 sb + of
| 逻辑类别 | 动词 | 含义 | 常用搭配 | 示例 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 思维/感官 | dream | 梦见、梦想 | dream of + 名/doing | I dream of traveling. | 我梦想旅行。 |
| think | 想、考虑 | think of + 名/doing | I thought of you. | 我想到了你。 | |
| hear | 听说 | hear of + 名 | I've never heard of him. | 我从没听说过他。 | |
| smell | 闻到……的气味 | smell of + 名 | The room smells of roses. | 房间里散发着玫瑰味。 | |
| 情感/态度 | be afraid | 害怕 | be afraid of + 名/doing | I'm afraid of dogs. | 我怕狗。 |
| be proud | 骄傲 | be proud of + 名 | She is proud of you. | 她为你骄傲。 | |
| be ashamed | 羞愧 | be ashamed of + 名 | He is ashamed of his behavior. | 他为自己的行为感到羞愧。 | |
| be tired | 厌倦 | be tired of + 名/doing | I'm tired of waiting. | 我厌倦了等待。 | |
| be fond | 喜欢 | be fond of + 名/doing | She is fond of music. | 她喜欢音乐。 | |
| despair | 对……绝望 | despair of + 名/doing | He despaired of ever seeing her again. | 他对再见到她感到绝望。 | |
| approve | 赞成、同意 | approve of + 名/doing | I don't approve of smoking. | 我不赞成吸烟。 | |
| 指责/怀疑 | accuse | 指责 | accuse + 人 + of + 名/doing | He accused me of lying. | 他指责我撒谎。 |
| suspect | 怀疑 | suspect + 人 + of + 名/doing | She suspects him of stealing. | 她怀疑他偷东西。 | |
| 保证/治疗 | convince | 使确信 | convince + 人 + of + 名 | I convinced him of my innocence. | 我使他相信我是清白的。 |
| assure | 向……保证 | assure + 人 + of + 名 | He assured me of his support. | 他向我保证他的支持。 | |
| cure | 治愈 | cure + 人 + of + 病 | The doctor cured him of his disease. | 医生治好了他的病。 | |
| rid | 摆脱 | rid + 人/物 + of + 名 | She rid herself of bad habits. | 她改掉了坏习惯。 | |
| 构成/组成 | consist | 由……组成 | consist of + 名 | The team consists of five members. | 这个团队由五个人组成。 |
| 其他 | get rid | 摆脱 | get rid of + 名 | I need to get rid of this old chair. | 我得处理掉这把旧椅子。 |
| beware | 小心 | beware of + 名 | Beware of the dog. | 小心狗。 | |
| warn | 警告、提醒 | warn sb of + 名 | He warned me of the danger. | 他警告我注意危险。 | |
| warn sb against + 名/doing | She warned him against driving too fast. | 她警告他不要开太快。 |
from
emerge出现 / differ 与...不同 / suffer遭遇...痛苦 / escape + from
withdraw 取 / protect保护 / separate 把...分开 / expect期盼 / dismiss开除 / prohibit禁止 / borrow 借出 + sb/sth from
| 逻辑类别 | 动词 | 含义 | 常用搭配 | 示例 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 来源/出处 | come | 来自 | come from + 名 | She comes from China. | 她来自中国。 |
| originate | 起源于 | originate from + 名 | The idea originated from him. | 这个想法源于他。 | |
| derive | 源于、获得 | derive from + 名 | The word derives from Latin. | 这个词源于拉丁语。 | |
| hear | 收到来信/消息 | hear from + 人 | I heard from him yesterday. | 我昨天收到他的来信。 | |
| expect | 期望、指望 | expect from + 名/人 | I expect nothing from you. | 我不指望你什么。 | |
| borrow | 借入 | borrow + 物 + from + 人 | I borrowed a pen from him. | 我向他借了一支笔。 | |
| 分离/远离 | escape | 逃离、逃脱 | escape from + 名 | He escaped from prison. | 他越狱了。 |
| withdraw | 提取、退出 | withdraw + 物/人 + from + 名 | She withdrew some money from the bank. | 她从银行取了一些钱。 | |
| separate | 把……分开 | separate + 物/人 + from + 名 | He separated the egg white from the yolk. | 他把蛋白和蛋黄分开了。 | |
| dismiss | 开除、解雇 | dismiss + 人 + from + 名 | He was dismissed from his job. | 他被开除了。 | |
| prohibit | 禁止 | prohibit + 人/物 + from + 名/doing | They prohibited him from entering. | 他们禁止他进入。 | |
| prevent | 阻止、防止 | prevent + 人/物 + from + 名/doing | The rain prevented us from going out. | 雨阻止了我们出门。 | |
| keep | 阻止、使不 | keep + 人/物 + from + 名/doing | The noise kept me from sleeping. | 噪音让我无法入睡。 | |
| stop | 阻止 | stop + 人/物 + from + 名/doing | She stopped him from making a mistake. | 她阻止了他犯错。 | |
| ban | 禁止 | ban + 人/物 + from + 名/doing | They banned him from the library. | 他们禁止他进图书馆。 | |
| 保护/免于 | protect | 保护 | protect + 人/物 + from + 名 | This sunscreen protects you from the sun. | 这款防晒霜保护你免受日晒。 |
| save | 拯救、免于 | save + 人/物 + from + 名 | He saved the child from drowning. | 他救了那个孩子，免于溺水。 | |
| defend | 保卫 | defend + 人/物 + from + 名 | The army defends the country from attack. | 军队保卫国家免受攻击。 | |
| shelter | 遮蔽 | shelter + 人/物 + from + 名 | We sheltered ourselves from the rain. | 我们躲避了雨。 | |
| 差异/不同 | differ | 与……不同 | differ from + 名 | His idea differs from mine. | 他的想法和我的不同。 |
| 出现/显现 | emerge | 出现、浮现 | emerge from + 名 | The sun emerged from behind the clouds. | 太阳从云层后面出现了。 |
| 遭受/痛苦 | suffer | 遭受 | suffer from + 名/病 | She suffers from headaches. | 她头痛。 |
| 排除/禁止 | exclude | 排除 | exclude + 人/物 + from + 名 | They excluded him from the team. | 他们把他排除在队伍之外。 |
| remove | 移除 | remove + 物/人 + from + 名 | Please remove your shoes from the table. | 请把你的鞋从桌子上拿走。 |
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