📚 被动语态完整笔记

一、被动语态的核心公式

被动语态 = be + 过去分词（done）

核心规则：

be 动词 体现时态、人称、数
过去分词 永远不变

主动变被动的步骤：

把主动句的宾语变成被动句的主语
把主动句的谓语变成 be + 过去分词
把主动句的主语变成 by + 宾语（可省略）

主动：The cat ate the fish.
被动：The fish was eaten by the cat.

二、各时态的被动语态（完整版）

1. 一般现在时

结构	示例	中文
am / is / are + done	The room is cleaned every day.	房间每天都被打扫。
	These books are written in English.	这些书是用英语写的。
	I am paid well.	我工资很高。

否定： am/is/are + not + done
疑问： Am/Is/Are + 主语 + done?

2. 一般过去时

结构	示例	中文
was / were + done	The window was broken yesterday.	窗户昨天被打碎了。
	The letters were sent last week.	信上周被寄出了。
	I was told the news.	有人告诉了我这个消息。

否定： was/were + not + done
疑问： Was/Were + 主语 + done?

3. 一般将来时

结构	示例	中文
will be + done	The work will be finished tomorrow.	工作明天会被完成。
am/is/are going to be + done	The house is going to be sold.	这房子将要被卖掉。
am/is/are to be + done（较正式）	The meeting is to be held next week.	会议将于下周举行。

否定： will not be done / is not going to be done
疑问： Will + 主语 + be done?

4. 过去将来时

结构	示例	中文
would be + done	He said the work would be finished the next day.	他说工作第二天会完成。
was/were going to be + done	She told me the car was going to be repaired.	她告诉我车将被修理。

⚠️ 注意： 过去将来时主要用于间接引语/宾语从句中，表示从过去看将来。

5. 现在进行时

结构	示例	中文
am / is / are + being + done	The bridge is being built.	这座桥正在被修建。
	The problem is being discussed now.	这个问题正在被讨论。
	The rooms are being cleaned.	房间正在被打扫。

否定： am/is/are + not + being done
疑问： Am/Is/Are + 主语 + being done?

⚠️ 注意： 不要漏掉 being！这是进行时态的被动标志。

6. 过去进行时

结构	示例	中文
was / were + being + done	The road was being repaired when I passed.	我经过时，这条路正在被修。
	The dinner was being cooked when they arrived.	他们到达时，晚餐正在被做。

否定： was/were + not + being done
疑问： Was/Were + 主语 + being done?

⚠️ 注意： 进行时态（现在进行时、过去进行时）的被动语态，必须有 being，否则会变成一般时态。

7. 现在完成时

结构	示例	中文
have / has + been + done	The house has been sold.	这房子已经被卖了。
	The letters have been sent.	信已经被寄出了。
	He has been told the truth.	他已经被告知了真相。

否定： have/has + not + been done
疑问： Have/Has + 主语 + been done?

8. 过去完成时

结构	示例	中文
had + been + done	The work had been finished before he arrived.	在他到达之前，工作已经完成了。
	She realized she had been cheated.	她意识到自己被骗了。

否定： had + not + been done
疑问： Had + 主语 + been done?

9. 将来完成时

结构	示例	中文
will have + been + done	The project will have been completed by next year.	这个项目明年之前将已完成。
	All the food will have been eaten by the time we arrive.	我们到达时，所有食物都将已经被吃完了。

否定： will not have been done
疑问： Will + 主语 + have been done?

10. 过去将来完成时

结构	示例	中文
would have + been + done	He said the project would have been completed by the end of that year.	他说项目在那年年底之前将已完成。

⚠️ 注意： 这一时态非常少见，主要用于间接引语。

三、被动语态所有时态总结表

时态	结构	例句
一般现在时	am/is/are + done	It is made in China.
一般过去时	was/were + done	It was made in China.
一般将来时	will be + done	It will be made in China.
过去将来时	would be + done	He said it would be made in China.
现在进行时	am/is/are being + done	It is being made now.
过去进行时	was/were being + done	It was being made then.
现在完成时	have/has been + done	It has been made.
过去完成时	had been + done	It had been made before I arrived.
将来完成时	will have been + done	It will have been made by next week.
过去将来完成时	would have been + done	He said it would have been made by then.

四、情态动词的被动语态（完整版）

核心公式：

情态动词 + be + 过去分词（现在/将来）
情态动词 + have been + 过去分词（过去）
情态动词 + be being + 过去分词（进行）
情态动词 + have been being + 过去分词（完成进行，极少用）

1. 情态动词 + be + done（现在/将来被动）

情态动词	结构	示例	中文
can	can be done	This work can be done in one day.	这项工作一天内能完成。
could	could be done	The problem could be solved.	这个问题能被解决。
may	may be done	He may be invited to the party.	他可能会被邀请参加派对。
might	might be done	The plan might be changed.	这个计划可能会被改变。
must	must be done	The letter must be sent today.	这封信今天必须被寄出。
should	should be done	The room should be cleaned.	房间应该被打扫。
ought to	ought to be done	The work ought to be finished soon.	这项工作应该尽快完成。
shall	shall be done	The rules shall be followed.	规则将被遵守。
will	will be done	The house will be built next year.	房子明年将被建造。
would	would be done	He said it would be done.	他说这事会被完成。
need	need be done	Need the report be written today?	报告需要今天写吗？（情态动词用法，少见）
dare	dare be done	Dare the truth be told?	敢说出真相吗？（少见）

⚠️ 注意： ought to 的被动是 ought to be done，不要漏掉 to。

2. 情态动词 + have been + done（过去被动）

表示 “过去一定/可能/本应该被……”

情态动词	结构	示例	中文
can	can have been done	It can have been done by him.	这可能是他做的。（少见）
could	could have been done	The work could have been done better.	这项工作本可以做得更好。
may	may have been done	The letter may have been lost.	这封信可能已经被弄丢了。
might	might have been done	The plan might have been canceled.	这个计划可能已经被取消了。
must	must have been done	The door must have been locked.	门一定被锁上了。
should	should have been done	The work should have been done yesterday.	这项工作昨天本应该完成的。
ought to	ought to have been done	The letter ought to have been sent earlier.	这封信本应该早点寄出的。
would	would have been done	The house would have been sold if the price was lower.	如果价格更低，房子早就被卖了。
needn't	needn't have been done	The task needn't have been done so early.	这项任务本不必那么早做完的。

3. 情态动词 + be being + done（进行被动）

表示 “一定/可能/应该正在被……”

情态动词	结构	示例	中文
can	can be being done	The room can be being cleaned now.	房间现在可能正在被打扫。（少见）
could	could be being done	The bridge could be being repaired now.	这座桥现在可能正在被修。
may	may be being done	The problem may be being discussed now.	这个问题现在可能正在被讨论。
might	might be being done	The house might be being painted.	这房子可能正在被粉刷。
must	must be being done	The road must be being repaired now.	这条路现在一定正在被修。
should	should be being done	The work should be being done now.	这项工作现在应该正在被做。

⚠️ 注意： 情态动词 + be being done 结构虽然正确，但在实际使用中很少见，因为太啰嗦，通常会被更简单的表达替代。

4. 情态动词 + have been being + done（完成进行被动）

表示 “一定/可能一直正在被……”

结构	示例	中文
must have been being done	The house must have been being built for years.	这房子一定已经建了好多年了。

⚠️ 注意： 这种结构极其罕见，几乎只在语法书上出现。实际英语中不会使用，因为太累赘了。通常会用主动语态或其他表达方式替代。

五、情态动词被动语态完整总结表

按时间分类：

时间	结构	示例	中文
现在/将来	情态动词 + be + done	It must be done.	它必须被做。
过去	情态动词 + have been + done	It must have been done.	它一定已经被做了。
进行（现在）	情态动词 + be being + done	It must be being done.	它一定正在被做。
进行（过去）	情态动词 + have been being + done	It must have been being done.	它一定一直在被做。（极少用）

按情态动词分类（完整版）：

情态动词	现在/将来被动	过去被动	进行被动
can	can be done	can have been done	can be being done
could	could be done	could have been done	could be being done
may	may be done	may have been done	may be being done
might	might be done	might have been done	might be being done
must	must be done	must have been done	must be being done
should	should be done	should have been done	should be being done
ought to	ought to be done	ought to have been done	ought to be being done
shall	shall be done	shall have been done	shall be being done
will	will be done	will have been done	will be being done
would	would be done	would have been done	would be being done
need	need be done	need have been done	need be being done
dare	dare be done	dare have been done	dare be being done

六、被动语态常见考点与易错点

易错①：漏掉 being

错误 ❌	正确 ✅	原因
The house is built now.	The house is being built now.	进行时态被动必须有 being
The road was repaired when I passed.	The road was being repaired when I passed.	进行时态被动必须有 being

易错②：need doing 与被动语态的混淆

结构	含义	示例
need doing	需要被做（主动形式表被动）	The car needs repairing.
need to be done	需要被做（标准被动）	The car needs to be repaired.

两者意思相同，need doing 更口语化。

易错③：不及物动词没有被动语态

动词	是否有被动	说明
happen	❌ 无被动	The accident happened.（不能说 was happened）
occur	❌ 无被动	An idea occurred to me.
rise	❌ 无被动	The sun rose.（不能说 was risen）
arrive	❌ 无被动	They arrived.（不能说 were arrived）
sleep	❌ 无被动	She slept.（不能说 was slept）

易错④：双宾语动词的被动

主动	被动（两种方式）
He gave me a book.	① I was given a book. ✅
	② A book was given to me. ✅

两种被动都正确，但人作主语更常用。

易错⑤：感官动词和使役动词的被动

主动	被动	说明
I saw him leave.	He was seen to leave.	感官动词被动后，不定式要加 to
She made him cry.	He was made to cry.	使役动词被动后，不定式要加 to

七、被动语态使用场景

场景	说明	示例
动作执行者不明	不知道是谁做的	My car was stolen.
动作执行者不重要	谁做的无所谓	The bridge was built in 1990.
强调动作的承受者	受动者比施动者重要	The wounded soldier was sent to the hospital.
正式文体/科技写作	更客观、更正式	The experiment was conducted in 2020.
礼貌/避免直接指责	不直接说“你错了”	The work was not done properly.

八、被动语态记忆口诀

被动语态要记牢，be + 过去分词少不了。
时态体现在 be 上，过去分词永不变。
进行时态加 being，完成时态加 been。
情态动词后接 be，过去被动 have been。
不及物动词无被动，双宾语两种都可行。

九、完整例句汇总

时态	主动	被动
一般现在时	He cleans the room.	The room is cleaned.
一般过去时	He cleaned the room.	The room was cleaned.
一般将来时	He will clean the room.	The room will be cleaned.
过去将来时	He said he would clean it.	He said it would be cleaned.
现在进行时	He is cleaning the room.	The room is being cleaned.
过去进行时	He was cleaning the room.	The room was being cleaned.
现在完成时	He has cleaned the room.	The room has been cleaned.
过去完成时	He had cleaned the room.	The room had been cleaned.
将来完成时	He will have cleaned it.	It will have been cleaned.

情态动词	主动	被动
can	He can clean it.	It can be cleaned.
must	He must clean it.	It must be cleaned.
should	He should clean it.	It should be cleaned.
may	He may clean it.	It may be cleaned.
could (过去)	He could have cleaned it.	It could have been cleaned.
must (过去)	He must have cleaned it.	It must have been cleaned.
should (过去)	He should have cleaned it.	It should have been cleaned.

被动语态完整笔记